home > Internet > Carrying out search and rescue operations (RPS). Coursework: Features of rescue operations during the collapse of buildings of the housing stock Psr in the conditions of blockages

Carrying out search and rescue operations (RPS). Coursework: Features of rescue operations during the collapse of buildings of the housing stock Psr in the conditions of blockages

Quite often, RPS has to be carried out in the conditions of blockages. Blockage is a chaotic heap of building materials and structures, fragments of technological equipment, sanitary devices, furniture, household utensils, stones.

The reason for the formation of blockages can be natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, landslides, landslides, mudflows), the effects of natural factors leading to aging and corrosion of materials (atmospheric moisture, groundwater, subsiding soils, sudden changes in temperature air), errors at the design and construction stage, violations of the rules for the operation of the facility, military operations. The degree of damage to buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, and the degree of wear (aging) of buildings.

According to the degree of destruction of buildings, the blockages are divided into five types.

1. Light damage: thin cracks appear on the walls of buildings, plaster is sprinkled, small pieces break off, glass in windows is damaged.
2. Weak destruction: small cracks in the walls, rather large pieces of plaster break off, cracks appear in the chimneys, some of them collapse, the roof is partially damaged, glass in the windows is completely broken.
3. Medium destruction: large cracks in the walls of buildings, collapse of chimneys, partial fall of the roof.
4. Strong destruction: collapse of internal partitions and walls, gaps in the walls, collapse of parts of buildings, destruction of connections between parts of buildings, collapse of the roof.
5. Complete destruction.

Blockages are continuous and separate (local). The volume of blockages in the destruction of residential buildings is 35-50%, industrial - 15-20% of the construction volume. The height of the blockages of residential buildings is 1/5-1/7, industrial - 1/4-1/10 of their original height. The average slope angle of blockages is 30°. The volume of voids in the rubble is 40-60%.

Blockages are conditionally divided into reinforced concrete and brick. Reinforced concrete blockages consist of fragments of reinforced concrete, concrete, metal and wooden structures, fragments of brickwork, elements of technological equipment. They are characterized by the presence of a large number of large elements, often interconnected, voids and unstable elements.

Brick blockages consist of brick blocks, broken bricks, plaster, fragments of reinforced concrete, metal, and wooden structures. They are characterized by high density, the absence of large, as a rule, elements and voids.

The formation of blockages is accompanied by damage to electrical, thermal, gas, plumbing and other systems. This poses a risk of fires, explosions, floods, electric shock. Particularly dangerous are the blockages of industrial buildings in which hazardous substances are produced or stored.

The destruction of buildings and the formation of blockages are usually accompanied by death, blocking, and injury to people. Of all the victims in the rubble, approximately 40% receive minor injuries, 20% receive moderate injuries, the same percentage receive severe and extremely severe injuries and injuries.

Fig.3. The degree of destruction of buildings: a - light damage; b - weak; c - average; g - strong; d - complete destruction.

Victims can be in the upper, middle, lower parts of the blockage, in littered basements and underground protective structures, in the technological underground and in the premises of the first floors. In some cases, they can remain on different floors of partially destroyed premises, in niches and voids, on roofs.

Fig.4.

1 - cordon by the traffic police of the emergency area, posts on the roads; 2 - cordon by law enforcement agencies of the emergency zone and the object of the RPS; 3 - headquarters of the leadership (OG EMERCOM of the Russian Federation); 4 - point of rendering medical care lightly injured; 5 - point of medical care for seriously injured; 6 - platform for identification of victims; 7 - first-aid post for sorting the victims; 8 - path for through traffic of ambulances; 9 - path for through traffic of fire service vehicles and construction equipment; 10 - entry and exit coordination point; 11 - rest point for rescuers; 12 - point of heating of rescuers; 13 - food service for rescuers; 14 - reserve forces; 15 - point of reception of found documents and valuables; 16 - reserve equipment; 17 - platform for refueling fuel and lubricants equipment; 18 - forces and means necessary emergency services; 19 - areas of work; 20 - object of emergency.

Practically in all the blockages there are people, some of them die immediately, some are injured. On the first day after the emergency, in the absence of first aid, approximately 40% of the victims die in the rubble. After 3-4 days after the formation of the blockage, the living people in it begin to die from thirst, cold, and injuries. After 7-10 days, there are practically no living people left in the rubble.

Search and rescue operations in the conditions of blockages begin with reconnaissance, for which you should:

- establish the emergency zone and its nature;
- to determine the location and condition of the victims;
- assess the condition of objects in the emergency zone (buildings, communications, engineering systems);
- determine the presence of fires, radioactive, chemical, bacteriological contamination, toxic and explosive substances, prevent their negative impact on people, eliminate or localize;
- determine the places for laying access roads, installing equipment, evacuation routes for victims;
- Establish permanent control over the state of the blockage.

Before starting the RPS in the rubble, you must:

- turn off the power supply, gas supply, water supply;
- check the condition of the remaining structures, overhanging elements, walls;
- inspect the interior;
- make sure that there is no danger, create safe working conditions;
- Determine escape routes in case of danger.

The technology of conducting RPS in the blockage includes the following main stages.

Stage No. 1. Study and analysis of the situation, assessment of the degree of destruction, establishment of the destruction zone, marking. Assessment of the stability of buildings and structures. Organization of safe working conditions for rescuers.

Stage number 2. Providing prompt assistance to the victims, located on the surface of the blockage.

Stage number 3. Thorough search for victims using all available search tools and methods.

Stage No. 4. Partial dismantling of the blockage using heavy equipment to provide assistance to the victims.

Stage No. 5. General dismantling (clearing) of the blockage after removing all the victims.

Marking is an important element of RPS organization in the blockage. The main markings are shown below.

The building has access and is safe for RPS. The damage is minor. The probability of further destruction is low;

The building has significant damage, some areas are safe, others require strengthening or destruction;

The building is dangerous for the RPS;

the arrow next to the square indicates the direction to secure entrance into the building.

The search for victims in the rubble is carried out in the following main ways: visually, according to eyewitnesses, with the help of search dogs, with the help of special devices.

After conducting reconnaissance and ensuring safe working conditions, rescuers begin to dismantle the rubble to provide assistance to the victims. First of all, RPS are carried out in those places where living people are found. In this case, two main methods are used: dismantling the blockage from top to bottom; manhole device in the rubble.

When conducting RPS in the rubble, the following tools, devices, machines and mechanisms are most often used.

Hydraulic tools: jaw spreaders, reamers, jacks, hydraulic cylinders.

Electric tools: chain and circular electric saws, angle grinders.

Trench tools: crowbars, shovels, picks, saws.

Machinery and mechanisms: truck cranes of various carrying capacity, excavators, loaders, bulldozers, trucks.

To obtain sound information during the RPS in the rubble, it is necessary to arrange the so-called "HOUR OF SILENCE". At the command of the head in the emergency zone, all work is stopped, traffic stops, all working machines and mechanisms are turned off. Only rescuers with devices to search for victims, cynologists with dogs, and “hearers” remain on the blockage. The duration of the "hour of silence" is 15-20 minutes. During the day, the "hour of silence" can be announced several times.

The demolition of the blockage from above is carried out to provide assistance to the victims, who are located in the upper part of the blockage and have free access to them. The blockage is disassembled manually using crowbars, shovels, shovels. Lifting equipment (jacks, winches, cranes) is used to lift and move large and heavy elements of the obstruction. At the same time, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of sudden movement of elements of the blockage, which can cause additional suffering to the victims. After the victims are released, they are given assistance and transported to a safe place.

Often the victims are in the depths of the blockage. To extract them, rescuers make a special narrow passage (manhole), taking into account the shortest distance to people, in the most easily overcome sections of the blockage. It is not recommended to arrange a hole in the immediate vicinity of large boulders, as they can settle and make work difficult. Laz is done in horizontal, inclined and vertical directions. The optimal width of the manhole is 0.8-0.9 m, height is 0.9-1.0 m. Work on the device of the manhole is carried out by several groups (3-4 people each) manually or using a tool. Their task includes dismantling the blockage, making a manhole, preparing and installing fasteners, removing wreckage, releasing the victims, and transporting them. The movement of rescuers during the construction of a manhole is carried out on all fours, crawling lying on their backs, on their stomachs, on their sides. If the movement of rescuers is hindered by large reinforced concrete, metal, wood, brick products, then they must be bypassed, if this is not possible, then destroyed, in some cases a hole can be made in them.

When constructing a manhole, special attention should be paid to its reliable fastening in order to prevent the collapse of the walls. For this, a special, pre-prepared fastening material is used - racks, struts, boards, beams, shields, crossbars, struts.

When constructing a manhole, the movement of rescuers and equipment along the upper part of the blockage is not allowed.

After completing work on the device of the manhole and fixing the passage, rescuers begin to free people. First of all, the condition of the victim and the degree of his injury are determined. Then the pressed or pinched parts of the body are released with the simultaneous application of tourniquets and compressive bandages, the mouth and nose are cleaned, small fragments, debris, rubble are removed from the victim by hand. Depending on the physical condition of the victim, the method of its extraction and transportation is selected.

At least two rescuers must free the victim from the rubble. If there is such an opportunity, then it is pulled out by the hands or the upper shoulder girdle. If this is not possible, then the rescuers bring their hands under his shoulder girdle and lower back, and only then carefully release the victim. Sometimes it is advisable to use a dense fabric for laying the victim or a stretcher.

If the victim is under large and heavy elements of the blockage, then he is released with the help of spreaders, jacks, lifting equipment. In cases where the victim is pinned to the ground, he can be released by digging.

Injuries characteristic of people trapped in rubble are fractures, bruises, concussion. A specific injury is considered to be prolonged squeezing of muscles and internal organs - prolonged squeezing syndrome.

This type of injury is characterized by the cessation of blood flow and metabolism in compressed areas of the body, which leads to the intensive formation and accumulation of toxic decay products, tissue destruction, and the formation of under-oxidized metabolic products. When the compressed area of the body is released and blood circulation is restored, a huge amount of toxins enter the body. It directly depends on the area of the affected areas and the time of compression. Along with the outflow of toxins from the affected areas, a large amount of blood plasma rushes to these places (sometimes 3-4 liters). The limbs sharply increase in volume, the contours of the muscles are disturbed, the edema acquires a maximum density, which causes pain. The described redistribution of toxins and blood plasma leads to inhibition of the activity of all body systems and is the cause of death of the victim in the first minutes after being released from the rubble.

Simultaneously with the formation of toxic substances in the affected muscles, myoglobin molecules are formed. Together with the blood, they enter the kidneys, damaging their tubules, which can cause death from kidney failure.

In order to save the life of the victim during prolonged tissue compression, it is necessary to inject plasma-containing solutions into the blood before release, give plenty of warm drink, and apply cold to the damaged areas. Immediately after release, the compressed surface should be bandaged tightly to reduce swelling and limit the amount of redistributed plasma. Regardless of the presence or absence of damaged bones, splints are applied, cold, painkillers are applied, the issue of delivering the victim to a medical institution, which must have an “artificial kidney” apparatus, is promptly resolved.

It is very important for a rescuer to know exact time the beginning of compression, since during the first two hours the consequences of this injury are reversible and not dangerous to humans. During this time, rescuers must release as many people as possible.

blockage called a chaotic heap of building materials and structures, technological equipment, sanitary devices, furniture, household utensils, stones. The reason for the formation of blockages can be natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, landslides, landslides, mudflows), the effects of natural factors leading to aging and corrosion of materials (atmospheric moisture, groundwater, subsiding soils, sudden changes in temperature air), errors at the design and construction stage, violations of the rules for the operation of the facility, military operations. The degree of destruction of buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, the degree of wear (aging) of buildings

blockages happen continuous and separate ( local). The volume of blockages in the destruction of residential buildings is 35-50%, industrial - 15-20% of the construction volume. The height of the blockages of residential buildings is 1/5 - 1/7, industrial - 1/4 - 1/10 of their original height. The average slope angle of the blockages is 30°. The volume of voids in the rubble is 40-60%. Blockages are conditionally divided into reinforced concrete and brick. Reinforced concrete blockages consist of fragments of reinforced concrete, concrete, metal and wooden structures, fragments of brickwork, elements of technological equipment. They are characterized by the presence of a large number of large elements, often interconnected, voids and unstable elements. Brick blockages consist of brick blocks, broken bricks, plaster, fragments of reinforced concrete, metal, and wooden structures. They are characterized by high density, the absence of large, as a rule, elements and voids.

blockage formation accompanied by damage to electrical, thermal, gas, plumbing and other systems. This creates a risk of fires, explosions, floods, electric shocks. Particularly dangerous are the blockages of industrial buildings in which hazardous substances are produced or stored. The destruction of buildings and the formation of blockages is usually accompanied by blocking, injury and death of people. Victims can be in the upper, middle, lower parts of the blockage, in littered basements and underground protective structures, in the technological underground and in the premises of the first floors. In some cases, they can remain on different floors of partially destroyed premises, in niches and voids, on roofs.

Search and rescue operations in rubble conditions begin with intelligence, for which you should:
- establish the emergency zone and its nature;
- to determine the location and condition of the victims;
- assess the state of objects in the emergency zone (buildings, communications, engineering systems);
- to determine the presence of fires, radioactive, chemical, bacteriological contamination, toxic and explosive substances;
- determine the places for laying access roads, installing equipment, evacuation routes for victims.

After conducting reconnaissance, rescuers begin to dismantle the blockage to provide assistance to the victims. This uses two main methods:
- dismantling of blockage from above;
- the device of a manhole in the rubble.
Demolition from above carried out to assist the victims, who are in the upper part of the blockage and have free access to them. The blockage is disassembled manually using crowbars, shovels, shovels. Lifting equipment (jacks, winches, cranes) is used to lift and move large and heavy elements of the obstruction. At the same time, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of sudden movement of elements of the blockage, which can cause additional suffering to the victims. After the release of the victims, they are assisted and transported to a safe place.

Device manhole in the rubble. Often the victims are in the depths of the blockage. To extract them, rescuers make a special narrow passage (manhole), taking into account the shortest distance to people, in the most easily overcome sections of the blockage. It is not recommended to arrange a hole in the immediate vicinity of large boulders, as they can settle and

make work difficult. Laz is done in horizontal, inclined and vertical directions. The optimal width of the manhole is 0.8-0.9 m, height is 0.9-1.0 m. Work on the device of the manhole is carried out by several groups (3-4 people each) manually or using a tool. Their task is to dismantle the blockage, make a manhole, prepare and install fasteners, remove the wreckage, release the victims, and transport them. The movement of rescuers during the construction of a manhole is carried out on all fours, crawling lying on their backs, on their stomachs, on their sides. If the movement of rescuers is impeded by large reinforced concrete, metal, wood, brick products, they must be bypassed, if this is not possible, then destroyed, in some cases a hole can be made in them. When constructing a manhole, special attention should be paid to its reliable fastening in order to prevent the collapse of the walls. For this, a special, pre-prepared fastening material is used, - racks, struts, boards, timber, shields, crossbars, struts. When constructing a manhole, the movement of rescuers and equipment along the upper part of the blockage is not allowed.

After completing work on the device of the manhole and fixing the passage, the rescuers proceed to release of people. First of all, the condition of the victim and the degree of his injury are determined. Then the pressed or pinched parts of the body are released with the simultaneous application of tourniquets and compressive bandages, the mouth and nose are cleaned, small fragments, debris, rubble are removed from the victim by hand. Depending on the physical condition of the victim, the method of its extraction and transportation is selected. At least two rescuers must free the victim from the rubble. If there is such an opportunity, then it is pulled out by the hands or the upper shoulder girdle. If this is not possible, then the rescuers bring their hands under his shoulder girdle and lower back, and only then carefully release the victim. Sometimes it is advisable to use a dense fabric for laying the victim or a stretcher. If the victim is under large and heavy elements of the blockage, then he is released with the help of spreaders, jacks, lifting equipment. In cases where the victim is pinned to the ground, he can be released by digging.

According to the degree of destruction of buildings, the blockages are divided into five types.

1. Light damage: thin cracks appear on the walls of buildings, crumble
plaster, small pieces break off, glass in the windows is damaged.

2. Weak fracture: small cracks in the walls, chip off quite
large pieces of plaster, cracks appear in the chimneys, some of them
the roof collapses, the roof is partially damaged, the glass in the windows is completely broken.

3. Medium destruction: large cracks in the walls of buildings, collapse of flue
pipes, partial fall of the roof.

4. Strong destruction: collapse of internal partitions and walls, breaks in the wall
nah, collapse of parts of buildings, destruction of connections between parts of buildings, collapse
roofs.

5. Complete destruction.

Blockages are continuous and separate (local). The volume of blockages in the destruction of residential buildings is 35-50%, industrial - 15-20% of the construction volume. The height of the blockages of residential buildings is 1/5-1/7, industrial buildings - 1/4-1/10 of their original height. The average slope angle of blockages is 30°. The volume of voids in the rubble is 40-60%.

The formation of blockages is accompanied by damage to electrical, thermal, gas, plumbing and other systems. This creates a risk of fires, explosions, floods, electric shocks. Particularly dangerous are the blockages of industrial buildings in which hazardous substances are produced or stored.

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The degree of destruction of buildings:

a - slight damage; b - weak; c - average; g - strong; d - complete destruction

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Organization and conduct of search rescue work

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A typical scheme for organizing RPS in the event of the destruction of buildings and structures:

1 - cordon by the traffic police of the emergency area, posts on the roads;

2 - cordon by law enforcement agencies of the emergency zone and
the object of the RPS; 3 - headquarters of the leadership (OG EMERCOM of the Russian Federation);

4 - point of medical care for lightly injured;

5 - point of medical care for seriously injured;

6 - platform for identification of victims; 7 - first-aid post with
rotation of the victims; 8 - path for through traffic of cars
ambulance mobiles; 9 - way for through traffic
fire service vehicles and construction equipment;
10 - entry and exit coordination point; 11 - rest point
rescuers; 12 - point of heating of rescuers; 13th item pita
rescuers; 14 - reserve forces; 15 - collection point found
documents and valuables; 16 - reserve equipment; 17 - platform for
corrections of fuel and lubricants equipment; 18 - forces and means of necessary ava
military services; 19 - areas of work; 20 - object of emergency

Search and rescue operations in the conditions of blockages begin with reconnaissance, for which you should:

Establish the emergency zone and its nature;

Determine the location and condition of the victims;

Assess the condition of objects in the emergency zone (buildings, communications, engineering
systems);

Determine the presence of fires, radioactive, chemical, bacteriological
contamination, poisonous and explosive substances, to prevent them from
negative impact on people, eliminate or localize;

Determine the places for laying access roads, installing equipment, evacuation routes
ation of the victims;

Establish permanent monitoring of the state of the blockage.

Before starting the RPS in the rubble, you must:

- turn off the power supply, gas supply, water supply;

- check the status of the remaining structures, overhanging elements
tov, walls;

- inspect the interior;

- make sure there is no danger, create safe working conditions
bots;

- determine evacuation routes in case of danger

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Chapter 3 Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Content | Index 313

The technology of conducting RPS in the blockage includes the following main stages.

Stage number 2. Providing prompt assistance to the victims, located on the surface of the blockage.

Stage number 3. Thorough search for victims using all available search tools and methods.

Stage No. 4. Partial dismantling of the blockage using heavy equipment to provide assistance to the victims.

Stage No. 5. General dismantling (clearing) of the blockage after removing all the victims.

Marking is an important element of RPS organization in the blockage. Main

markings are shown below.

□ - the building has access and is safe for RPS. The damage is minor. The probability of further destruction is low;

0 - the building has significant damage, some areas are safe, others require strengthening or destruction;

^ - the structure is dangerous for RPS;

< -стрелка рядом с квадратом указывает направление к безопасному входу в строение.

The search for victims in the rubble is carried out in the following main ways: visually, according to eyewitnesses, with the help of search dogs, with the help of special devices.

After conducting reconnaissance and ensuring safe working conditions, rescuers begin to dismantle the rubble to provide assistance to the victims. First of all, RPS are carried out in those places where living people are found. This uses two main methods: demolition of the blockage from top to bottom; manhole device in the rubble.

When conducting RPS in the rubble, the following tools, devices, machines and mechanisms are most often used.

Hydraulic tools: jaw spreaders, reamers, jacks, hydraulic cylinders.

Electric tools: chain and circular electric saws, angle grinders.

Trench tools: crowbars, shovels, picks, saws.

Machinery and mechanisms: truck cranes of various carrying capacity, excavators, loaders, bulldozers, trucks.

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When constructing a manhole, the movement of rescuers and equipment along the upper part of the blockage is not allowed.

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Simultaneously with the formation of toxic substances in the affected muscles, molecules are formed myoglobin. Together with the blood, they enter the kidneys, damaging their tubules, which can cause death from kidney failure.

It is very important for the rescuer to know the exact time of the onset of compression, since during the first two hours the consequences of this injury are reversible and not dangerous to humans. During this time, rescuers must release as many people as possible.

A rational method of assisting victims with prolonged compression syndrome is the following.

1. During the first 2 hours after the start of the disaster, it is necessary to mobilize all
forces and means to release the victims from compression, which will ensure light
minimizing the development of toxicosis.

2. After 2 hours, all victims should be divided into 2 groups (with mild and severe
desired forms of injury). The nature of the injury is determined by the mass of compressed tissues
and general condition of the victim.

Victims with a mild form of injury should be quickly released from squeezing and sent to a medical facility.

Victims with a severe form of injury must be released from squeezing so as not to stimulate blood circulation in damaged tissues for the period of transportation. Assistance is required slowly, consistently performing anesthesia, introducing plasma-containing solutions into the body, using plenty of fluids, bandaging the affected limb, cooling, tourniquet, splints.

3. Seriously ill patients need resuscitation therapy and surgery.
Therefore, they should be sent to stationary medical institutions.

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If it is impossible to transport a seriously ill patient to a medical institution, then one should start amputating the limb on the spot without removing the tourniquet, having obtained the consent of the victim.

The described technique allows you to prevent the development of toxicosis and save lives as much as possible. more affected.

Partially destroyed buildings and structures remain in the emergency zone. They are a potential hazard due to a possible sudden collapse. These structures must be reinforced with special devices (stops, props, struts) or collapsed. The collapse is carried out in three main ways using:

Hammerball;

Traction device (winches, tractors, cars);

Explosive work must be carried out by specially trained rescuers. The areas where these activities are carried out must be fenced off.

Many buildings and structures are equipped with basements, shelters, technological underground, in which people can find themselves. The resulting blockages, as a rule, close the exits, impede the access of air, and make it impossible for people to independently exit these shelters. Rescuers are responsible for:

Search for littered shelters;

Finding out the situation inside the shelter (the number of people, their condition,
damage and shelter stump, availability of water, food, medicines);

Organization of the supply of air, water, food, medicines, dressings to the shelter
ny materials, means of protection;

Clearing, opening shelters, evacuation of victims, rendering assistance to them.
The search for littered shelters is carried out using the plans of the city, district,

streets, according to external signs (air intake pipes), according to sound signals (shout, moan, knock), using dogs.

After finding a shelter, contact is established with the victims (voice, tapping, radio or telephone communication). At the same time, rescuers begin to clear and open shelters. First of all, they are released and dis-

the locations of hatches, doors, heads, openings, air intake pipes are cleaned. If this is not possible, then the rescuers punch holes in the wall or ceiling. These works are carried out with the help of a concrete breaker, a jackhammer, a perforator, a crowbar, a sledgehammer, a chisel, a shovel. The holes are used to supply air, water, food, medicines. After their expansion, they are used to evacuate people.

Explosion wall collapse

When carrying out RPS in the rubble, machines and mechanisms are often used. With their help, passages and driveways are cleared, heavy structural elements are moved and collapsed, rescuers and victims are moved.

Work to rescue people located in partially destroyed ground structures at a height begins with an inspection and verification of the degree of damage to the external capital walls and overhanging structures, internal premises, determining the location of people and the possibility of their evacuation. If necessary, the walls, beams, trusses, floors are strengthened by installing props, racks, braces, stretch marks. The main means of lifting rescuers to a height is a ladder.

Making a hole in the wall of the shelter

When using the ladder, you must:

Securely install and secure it;

Put your foot on the step with the middle or front of the foot;

Cover the steps or side racks of the stairs with your fingers; - Keep
body body closer to the stairs;

Turn your knees behind the side racks of the stairs;

Move smoothly without swaying.

The movement of rescuers on the stairs is carried out in a one-sided or diagonal way. The one-sided method consists in the simultaneous transfer to the next step of the right foot and right hand or left foot and left hand. Diagonal way - in the simultaneous transfer to the next step of the right foot and left hand or left foot and right hand.

Chapter 3

Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Opening device in the ceiling

You need to move along securely fixed stairs, equipped with anti-slip stops, grippers and installed on reliable lower and upper supports. Safe installation angle - 75°. The stairs are usually ascended or descended one at a time.

The transition of the rescuer from the stairs to the window (opening) is carried out as follows. Having climbed the stairs to the level of the window sill (lower edge of the opening), holding on to the stairs with one hand, you should stand with your foot on the window sill (edge of the opening) and at the same time, holding the edge of the wall with your other hand, move your foot from the stairs and lower yourself to the floor.

If the window is closed or barred, then the rescuer must attach himself to the ladder at the level of the window, open it and then enter the room.

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Chapter 3

Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

The transition from the stairs to the roof is performed in this order. The rescuer climbs the stairs slightly above the level of the roof eaves. Holding his hand on the ladder (if there is a gutter - on it), he puts one foot on the roof, then the other.

To go from the window (opening) and from the roof to the ladder, the rescuer must go to the upper end of the ladder, grab the upper step from the outside with one hand, press against the ladder, turn 180 ° facing the ladder, put one foot on the step, take the other hand on the step and move the other leg to the step.

The rise of rescuers to the upper floors of buildings can be carried out using an assault ladder. It has 13 steps and is equipped with a special hook with teeth, with which it is fixed to the window sill (opening).

Installation of the assault ladder in the window of the second floor is carried out by raising it and fixing it with a hook to the window sill on the right side of the window. After hanging the ladder, the rescuer begins climbing it. When entering the window sill, the right leg should be in position on the ninth (tenth) step, hands - on the thirteenth step. Holding the step with your hands, the left leg must be moved over the window sill and sit on it astride, straighten the right leg, go into the room.

The rise of rescuers to the third and subsequent floors is carried out in the following order. In a sitting position on the windowsill, with your right hand, you need to grab the side stand above the twelfth step or this step, with your left hand - a hook or three

Evacuation of victims from a partially destroyed building:

1 - by helicopter; 2 - mechanical lift; 3 - on the assault ladder; 4 - on the ropes; 5 - on ladders; 6 - through the hole

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Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

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eleventh step. With a strong jerk with both hands and extension of the body, raise the ladder and turn it with a hook towards you, moving your hands alternately along the side stand, raise the ladder to the hook position 15-20 cm above the window sill, turn the ladder with a hook into the window and hang it on the right half of the window.

Evacuation of victims from the upper floors of buildings using rope (cable) roads

The transition from the window sill to the stairs is carried out in this order:

Put your right foot on the first step;

Take the fourth (fifth) step with your left hand from the inside;

With your right hand, grab the fifth (sixth) step from the outside and under
go up to straighten the right leg, put the left leg on the windowsill near the side
howling rack;

Pushing off with the left foot from the window sill and pulling up on the hands, the right leg
put on the third (fourth) step and continue climbing.

Upon reaching the predetermined floor, the rescuer must sit on the window sill, lower the left leg to the floor, grab the hook with the left hand and move the right leg to the window.

Content | Index

Chapter 3 Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Content | Index 321

The descent along the assault ladder is carried out in the following order:

Move the right leg over the window sill;

Sit on the windowsill astride;

Grasp the top step with your hands;

Put your right foot on the ninth (tenth)
step;

Straighten the body and move the left leg to
tenth (ninth) step;

Go down the stairs to the bottom
sill;

Move your left leg over the windowsill and sit down
riding on him;

Grasp with your right hand the left side post above the third step, left
hand - for the right side post above the same step;

Raise the ladder, turn it with a hook towards you, turning over the side stands with your hands.
ki, lower the ladder to the position of the hook overhead, turn the ladder with the hook in
window and hang it on the windowsill;

Exit the stairs and drop to the ground;

Grasp the side racks above the third step, raise the ladder by 15-20
cm, disengage the hook from the window sill, lower the ladder.

To rescue people who are on the roof, rescuers go up to them using:

Ladders (attached, assault, retractable, hinged, rope);

Rope systems;

Special lifts;

Surviving flights of stairs, fire escapes, structures.

In some cases, a helicopter is used to rescue people on the roof.

Introduction

The main task of rescuers in the aftermath of emergencies is to organize and conduct a prompt search for victims and provide them with timely assistance.

The search for victims under the rubble of destroyed buildings is a set of actions of the personnel of search units aimed at detecting and clarifying the location of people, their functional state and the amount of assistance needed.

The search for victims is carried out by the forces of specially trained rescue search units (groups, units, crews) after reconnaissance, engineering reconnaissance of the lesion and the object of work.

RPS organization activities depend on the specific emergency situation and include the following main stages:

obtaining and analyzing information about emergencies, making decisions;

movement of rescuers and equipment to the place of work;

direct implementation of the RPS;

release of victims, their transportation;

providing first aid to the victims and their evacuation;

rescue of material values;

localization of the source of emergencies, carrying out emergency recovery work.

Search and rescue and emergency recovery work begins immediately upon the arrival of rescuers in the emergency zone. They must be carried out continuously and in any conditions that ensure the safety of the rescuers.

Carrying out search and rescue operations (PSR)

Depending on the availability of appropriate forces and means, search operations can be carried out in the following ways:

continuous visual inspection of the rescue work site (object, building);

using specially trained dogs (canine method);

using special search devices (technical method);

according to eyewitnesses;

A continuous visual inspection of the rescue work site (object, building) can be carried out by search and rescue, reconnaissance or a unit (platoon, group, crew) specially organized for this purpose. The composition of the assigned unit is determined based on the area and height of the surveyed blockage, the nature of the destruction of the building, its functional affiliation, the meteorological situation, the time of year and day at the time of the search, and a number of other reasons.

To survey the territory of the object or area of work, a calculation consisting of 2-3 people is sent. The search area is divided into lanes assigned to each calculation. The width of the search strip depends on a number of factors (the nature of the obstruction, traffic conditions, visibility, etc.) and can be 20-50 m. The most rational way to perform work is to move the scouts in pairs zigzag (Fig. 1).

The speed of scouts can be 1-2 km/h.

The crew is equipped with means of communication and personal protection, entrenching tools, means of indicating the location of the victims, means of first aid. In some cases, search parties can be equipped with climbing and fire equipment.

During a visual inspection, within the boundaries of the search strip, the surface and voids-niches, recesses, free spaces under large debris, especially near the preserved walls of dilapidated buildings, are carefully examined. The inspection should be accompanied by periodic submission of the established sound signal or shout.

Search area boundary

Calculation movement route

20 - 50m 20 - 50m 20 - 50m 20 - 50m 20 - 50m

Rice. 1. Scheme of a continuous visual inspection of the rescue area.

The search for victims using service dogs (cynological) is carried out by the search and rescue service (SRS), consisting of an instructor-cynologist (leader) and a dog, and is based on the use of high sensitivity of the olfactory organs of dogs, which can detect the exit points of the body odor of the victim on the surface blockage. A trained dog, after an appropriate course of training, marks these places with its characteristic behavior, for example: barking, whining or following the command “Sit”.

The search for victims using dogs can be used in the course of reconnaissance of the destruction zone before the start of the main rescue operations, during rescue operations in order to clarify and correct rescue operations and for control after the completion of rescue operations.

Depending on the direction of air movement in the surface layer of the atmosphere, the search includes three main tactics: search by “corridor” (shuttle), search by “fan” and search by “spiral”.

"Shuttle" search allows dogs to use the headwind under different angles. The other two techniques "fan" and "spiral" can be effective in more complex wind (climatic) conditions.

Depending on the complexity of the blockage, its size, fractionation, voidness and the number of calculations, various options for organizing a cynological search can be used: single, group and sequential. In a single search, one calculation is used to locate victims. However, this option is not reliable enough, as the dog may be injured or need to rest after working in a smoky or gassed room. All this can make the search difficult or give no result at all. In this regard, for conducting search operations with the use of specially trained dogs, a group or sequential option should be used.

With a group search option, all available calculations work, which, breaking the blockage into separate sections, gradually examine the entire volume of the blockage. This approach is expedient with a large number of cynological calculations, relatively small volumes of blockages (one or two destroyed buildings) and short search terms.

In case of large-scale destruction, when the possible terms of prospecting work will exceed one shift (10-12 hours), a sequential variant of the search organization should be used. To this end, the entire personnel of the search units is divided into groups of 3-5 crews each. The search is carried out according to a sliding schedule, according to which the calculations replace each other in about 40-45 minutes, while 2-3 calculations are constantly working, and 1-2 are resting. This approach allows you to maintain a high search rate at the expense of a fresh or rested reserve.

The calculation of forces and means should be made on the basis of the following main indicators of the performance of cynological calculations:

the time of detection of the victim in the territory of the blockage of 100X100 m at the height of the blockage of 3-5 m is not more than 30 minutes;

the time of continuous operation of the calculation is not more than 45 minutes;

number of search cycles lasting up to 45 minutes per 8 hours of operation - not

rest time between search cycles up to - 15 min.

Dogs are most suitable for these purposes, which, in addition to a good sense of smell, are distinguished by obedience, precise execution of commands and strong nerves.

The experience of search and rescue operations shows that the use of dogs is most effective during the first four to five days after the collapse of the building. In the future, the effectiveness of their use is reduced, both due to the fatigue of the animals themselves, and due to the high concentration of "cadaverous smell". The work of dogs can be complicated by the presence of a large amount of broken glass, fragments of concrete, metal rods in the rubble, which leads to their injury during work.

Search using special search instruments (technical method) is based on their registration of physical properties characteristic of human life. Among them, acoustic, radio wave and optical should be distinguished. At present, acoustic search devices have received the greatest development and distribution. In our country, to replace the former devices such as TP-15, “Vibrofon-3”, “Sound”, “Poisk”, at present, an acoustic device specially developed by ABIGAR is supplied to equip the civil defense troops and search and rescue units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia search "Bearing-1".

The principle of operation of such devices is based on the registration of acoustic and seismic signals given by the victims (screams, groans, blows to the elements of the blockage). Devices of this type, as a rule, consist of three main elements: a receiving device (microphone, sensor), a transducer amplifier and an output device (headphones, indicators). Search devices based on registration of oscillations are designed to work in media with elastic forms (building structures, rocks). They have seismic or acoustic sensors installed during operation on a solid surface or in a cavity (void) in a blockage. The impacts made on the structural elements of the destroyed building by the victims come in the form of elastic vibrations to the surface being examined and are recorded on the indicator scale of the device.

The search for victims based on eyewitness accounts consists in interviewing persons who are able to provide information about the location of the victims, whom they themselves saw (heard) or about their most likely location at the time of the destructive impact. Such persons may be: rescued (released) victims;

tenants of the house, entrance (neighbors who were affected); employees of enterprises and employees of institutions who were outside the buildings at the time of their destruction; representatives of the enterprise administration;

employees of institutions for the operation of residential buildings; teachers and educators of school and children's institutions, as well as other persons who have written and oral information about crowded places at the time of the destruction of buildings; eyewitnesses (witnesses) - bystanders and children who happened to be near the destroyed building.

Interviewing eyewitnesses is carried out by units assigned for this purpose or specially formed groups of rescuers. During the interview of eyewitnesses, the following data are clarified: the number and location of victims; the shortest and safest ways (routes) of access to them; the condition of the victims and the assistance they require; the conditions of the situation in the locations of the victims and the presence of a risk of exposure to secondary damaging factors.

The survey data is included in the reports on the results of the search for victims and is used to clarify and correct the actions of other search and rescue units and formations.

Representatives of units (groups) involved in interviewing eyewitnesses should work in the following places: at search and rescue facilities; at collection points for the casualties; in medical centers and medical institutions; in tent camps and in places of temporary accommodation of people; at the points of landing of evacuees on transport.

In cases where the zone of responsibility of such a unit (group) includes a residential building that has been destroyed, the commander of the unit (group), if possible, should have a list of its residents indicating their exact address (number of the entrance, floor, apartment) and place of work (study ). This list can be obtained from employees of institutions for the operation of residential buildings and supplemented with the necessary information with their participation.

When carrying out search and rescue operations in the zone of destruction of buildings of industrial enterprises and administrative buildings, such lists, in addition to the names of workers and employees, must contain information about the exact place of work and the time of work of each. Lists can be obtained from officials or administration (heads) of shops and departments, foremen, heads of other staff units, school directors and heads of children's institutions, and other persons.

Based on the results of the search by any of the considered methods, the commander of the unit (group, calculation) draws up a report in the form of a diagram (plan) of the area or section with a legend that includes the necessary information about the places and conditions of the victims (including the dead), their number and condition, the danger of exposure to secondary damaging factors, as well as possible ways and approximate volumes of rendering the necessary assistance to the victims.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen

Faculty of Life Safety

COURSE WORK

On the topic: "Peculiarities of rescue operations during the collapse of housing stock"

Saint Petersburg

Introduction

1. RPS management

Conclusion

Literature

Brief terminological dictionary

Introduction

Urgent work in the liquidation of emergencies is an activity for the comprehensive provision of emergency rescue operations, the provision of medical and other types of assistance to the population affected by emergencies, the creation of conditions that are minimally necessary to preserve the life and health of people, to maintain their working capacity.

Rescue operations include search and rescue, mountain rescue, gas rescue, anti-wells (at oil wells), as well as emergency rescue related to fire fighting, work to eliminate the medical and sanitary consequences of emergencies and a number of others. similar works, the list of which, if necessary, is specified by the Government of the Russian Federation

1. RPS management

RPS management. The most important element of the successful implementation of the RPS in emergency situations is management. Management is understood as a set of measures for the organization, coordination, management and implementation of the RPS.

The main goal of RPS management is to create conditions for the effective operation of forces and means for the operational implementation of the entire RPS complex in the shortest possible time, with minimal costs and losses.

The main tasks of RPS management:

Collection of information, its analysis and processing, assessment of the real situation, decision-making, development of a work schedule;

Constant monitoring of the situation, development of a forecast and possible options for the development of emergencies;

Assessment of the real situation, determination of the volume, nature and best options maintenance of RPS, prompt introduction of changes to the initial work plan in case of changes in conditions and situations in the emergency zone;

Determining the degree of danger of emergency situations, setting the boundaries of dangerous zones;

Calculation of forces and means for conducting RPS;

Setting goals, bringing them to performers;

Coordination and ensuring interaction between all RPS participants;

Analysis of the results of current work, making adjustments;

Monitoring the execution of tasks;

Organization of the final stage of RPS.

The main forms of RPS management: strategic, operational, tactical, normative.

RPS management must be sustainable and continuous.

RPS management begins at the moment of receiving information about the occurrence of an emergency and continues until the completion of work.

The highest link in the RPS management system is the Crisis Management Center (CMC).

The activities of the governing bodies are based on constantly incoming information about emergencies, the progress of the implementation of the RPS, and the conditions in the emergency zone. Decisions are made on the basis of study, analysis, generalization of a large amount of incoming information, taking into account strategic and tactical tasks. After the development and adoption of the decision, the task is set for the rescuers, the area of the RPS is indicated, the methods for their implementation, the conditions for interaction, the composition of the participants, the working groups. The completion time of the RPS is determined.

2. Search and rescue operations in the conditions of rubble

According to the degree of destruction of buildings, the blockages are divided into five types.

1. Light damage: thin cracks appear on the walls of buildings, plaster is sprinkled, small pieces break off, glass in windows is damaged.

2. Weak destruction: small cracks in the walls, rather large pieces of plaster break off, cracks appear in the chimneys, some of them collapse, the roof is partially damaged, glass in the windows is completely broken.

3. Medium destruction: large cracks in the walls of buildings, collapse of chimneys, partial fall of the roof.

4. Strong destruction: collapse of internal partitions and walls, gaps in the walls, collapse of parts of buildings, destruction of connections between parts of buildings, collapse of the roof.

5. Complete destruction.

The degree of destruction of buildings:

a - slight damage; b - weak; c - average; g - strong; d - complete destruction.

A typical scheme for organizing RPS in the event of the destruction of buildings and structures:

1 - cordon by the traffic police of the emergency area, posts on the roads; 2 - cordon by law enforcement agencies of the emergency zone and the object of the RPS; 3 - headquarters of the leadership (OG EMERCOM of the Russian Federation); 4 - point of medical care for lightly injured; 5 - point of medical care for seriously injured; 6 - platform for identification of victims; 7 - first-aid post for sorting the victims; 8 - path for through traffic of ambulances; 9 - path for through traffic of fire service vehicles and construction equipment; 10 - entry and exit coordination point; 11 - rest point for rescuers; 12 - point of heating of rescuers; 13 - food service for rescuers; 14 - reserve forces; 15 - point of reception of found documents and valuables; 16 - reserve equipment; 17 - platform for refueling fuel and lubricants equipment; 18 - forces and means of the necessary emergency services; 19 - areas of work; 20 - object of emergency

Search and rescue operations in the conditions of blockages begin with reconnaissance, for which you should:

Establish the emergency zone and its nature;

Determine the location and condition of the victims;

Assess the condition of objects in the emergency zone (buildings, communications, engineering systems);

Determine the presence of fires, radioactive, chemical, bacteriological contamination, toxic and explosive substances, prevent their negative impact on people, eliminate or localize;

Determine the places for laying access roads, installing equipment, evacuation routes for victims;

Establish permanent monitoring of the state of the blockage.

Before starting the RPS in the rubble, you must:

Turn off the power supply, gas supply, water supply;

Check the condition of the remaining structures, overhanging elements, walls;

Inspect the interior;

Make sure there is no danger, create safe working conditions;

Determine escape routes in case of danger.

The technology of conducting RPS in the blockage includes the following main stages.