Carrying out search and rescue operations (SRP). Carrying out emergency rescue operations in damaged (destroyed) buildings and structures of PSR on the rubble of a residential brick building
Quite often, RPS has to be carried out in rubble conditions. A rubble is a chaotic accumulation of building materials and structures, fragments of technological equipment, sanitary equipment, furniture, household utensils, and stones.
The cause of the formation of rubble can be natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, landslides, mudflows), exposure to natural factors leading to aging and corrosion of materials (atmospheric moisture, groundwater, subsidence soils, sudden changes in temperature air), errors at the design and construction stage, violations of facility operation rules, military actions. The degree of damage to buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, and the degree of wear (aging) of buildings.
According to the degree of destruction of buildings, rubble is divided into five types.
- 1. Light damage: thin cracks appear on the walls of buildings, plaster crumbles, small pieces break off, glass in windows is damaged.
- 2. Weak destruction: small cracks in the walls, quite large pieces of plaster break off, cracks appear in chimneys, some of them collapse, the roof is partially damaged, glass in the windows is completely broken.
- 3. Moderate destruction: large cracks in the walls of buildings, collapse of chimneys, partial fall of the roof.
- 4. Severe destruction: collapse of internal partitions and walls, breaks in walls, collapse of parts of buildings, destruction of connections between parts of buildings, collapse of the roof.
- 5. Complete destruction.
The rubble can be continuous or isolated (local). The volume of rubble from the destruction of residential buildings is 35-50%, industrial - 15-20% of the construction volume. The height of the rubble of residential buildings is 1/5-1/7, industrial - 1/4-1/10 of their original height. The average slope angle of the rubble is 30°. The volume of voids in the rubble is 40-60%.
The rubble is conventionally divided into reinforced concrete and brick. Reinforced concrete rubble consists of fragments of reinforced concrete, concrete, metal and wooden structures, fragments of brickwork, and elements of technological equipment. They are characterized by the presence large quantity large elements, often interconnected, voids and unstable elements.
Brick rubble consists of brick blocks, broken bricks, plaster, fragments of reinforced concrete, metal, and wooden structures. They are characterized by high density, the absence of large, as a rule, elements and voids.
The formation of blockages is accompanied by damage to electrical, thermal, gas, plumbing and other systems. This creates a threat of fires, explosions, flooding, damage electric shock. The rubble of industrial buildings in which hazardous substances are produced or stored is especially dangerous.
The destruction of buildings and the formation of rubble is usually accompanied by death, blocking, and injury to people. Of all those injured in the rubble, approximately 40% receive minor injuries, 20% receive moderate injuries, and the same percentage receive severe and extremely severe injuries and mutilations.
Fig.3. Degree of destruction of buildings: a - slight damage; b - weak; c - average; g - strong; d - complete destruction.
Victims may be in the upper, middle, lower parts of the rubble, in blocked basements and underground protective structures, technological underground and in the premises of the first floors. In some cases, they may remain on different floors of partially destroyed premises, in niches and voids, on roofs.
Fig.4.
1 - cordoning off the emergency area by the traffic police, checkpoints on the roads; 2 - cordoning off the emergency zone and the RPS site by law enforcement agencies; 3 - management headquarters (OG EMERCOM of the Russian Federation); 4 - point of provision medical care easily injured; 5 - point for providing medical assistance to seriously injured people; 6 - victim identification area; 7 - first aid station for triage of casualties; 8 - path for through traffic of ambulances; 9 - path for through traffic of fire service vehicles and construction equipment; 10 - entry and exit coordination point; 11 - rest point for rescuers; 12 - heating point for rescuers; 13 - food station for rescuers; 14 - reserve forces; 15 - collection point for found documents and valuables; 16 - equipment reserve; 17 - platform for refueling fuel and lubricants; 18 - forces and means necessary emergency services; 19 - work areas; 20 - emergency facility.
Almost all the rubble ends up with people, some of them die immediately, some are injured. In the first day after an emergency, in the absence of first aid, approximately 40% of the victims die in the rubble. After 3-4 days after the formation of the blockage, the living people in it begin to die from thirst, cold, and injuries. After 7-10 days, there are practically no living people left in the rubble.
Search and rescue operations in rubble conditions begin with reconnaissance, which requires:
- - establish the emergency zone and its nature;
- - determine the location and condition of the victims;
- - assess the condition of objects in the emergency zone (buildings, communications, engineering systems);
- - determine the presence of fires, radioactive, chemical, bacteriological contamination, toxic and explosive substances, prevent their negative impact on people, eliminate or localize them;
- - determine the location of access roads, installation of equipment, and evacuation routes for victims;
- - establish constant monitoring of the condition of the blockage.
Before starting RPS in the rubble, you must:
- - turn off the power supply, gas supply, water supply;
- - check the condition of the remaining structures, overhanging elements, walls;
- - inspect the interior;
- - make sure there is no danger, create safe working conditions;
- - determine escape routes in case of danger.
The technology for conducting R&D in the rubble includes the following main stages.
Stage No. 1. Study and analysis of the situation, assessment of the degree of destruction, establishment of the destruction zone, marking. Assessment of the stability of buildings and structures. Organization of safe working conditions for rescuers.
Stage No. 2. Providing prompt assistance to victims located on the surface of the rubble.
Stage No. 3. Thorough search for victims using all available means and search methods.
Stage No. 4. Partial dismantling of the rubble using heavy equipment to provide assistance to the victims.
Stage No. 5. General dismantling (clearing) of the rubble after removing all victims.
An important element of the organization of RPS in the rubble is marking. The main markings are presented below.
The structure is accessible and safe for RPS. The damage is minor. The likelihood of further destruction is low;
The structure has significant damage, some areas are safe, others require strengthening or destruction;
The building is dangerous for carrying out RPS;
the arrow next to the square indicates the direction to safe entry into the building.
The search for victims in the rubble is carried out in the following main ways: visually, according to eyewitnesses, with the help of search dogs, with the help of special devices.
After conducting reconnaissance and ensuring safe working conditions, rescuers begin dismantling the rubble to provide assistance to the victims. First of all, PSRs are carried out in those places where living people are found. In this case, two main methods are used: dismantling the rubble from top to bottom; making a hole in the rubble.
When carrying out R&D in rubble, the following tools, devices, machines and mechanisms are most often used.
Hydraulic tools: jaw spreaders, expanders, jacks, hydraulic cylinders.
Electric tools: electric chain and circular saws, angle grinders.
Entrenching tools: crowbars, shovels, picks, saws.
Machinery and mechanisms: truck cranes of various lifting capacities, excavators, loaders, bulldozers, trucks.
To obtain sound information during RPS in the rubble, it is necessary to organize a so-called “HOUR OF SILENCE”. At the command of the manager in the emergency zone, all work is stopped, traffic is stopped, and all working machines and mechanisms are turned off. Only rescuers with equipment for searching for victims, dog handlers with dogs, and “listeners” remain in the rubble. The duration of the “hour of silence” is 15-20 minutes. During the day, the “hour of silence” can be announced several times.
Dismantling of the rubble from above is carried out to provide assistance to victims who are in the upper part of the rubble and have free access to them. The rubble is removed manually using crowbars, shovels, and scoops. To lift and move large and heavy elements of the blockage, lifting equipment (jacks, winches, cranes) is used. In this case, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of sudden movement of elements of the rubble, which could cause additional suffering to the victims. Once the victims are freed, they are treated and transported to safety.
Often the victims are located deep in the rubble. To extract them, rescuers make a special narrow passage (manhole), taking into account the shortest distance to people, in the most easily surmountable areas of the rubble. It is not recommended to make a hole in the immediate vicinity of large blocks, as they can settle and make work difficult. The hole is made in horizontal, inclined and vertical directions. The optimal width of the manhole is 0.8-0.9 m, height - 0.9-1.0 m. Work on the construction of the manhole is carried out by several groups (3-4 people each) manually or using tools. Their task includes dismantling the rubble, making a hole, preparing and installing fasteners, removing recoverable debris, unblocking victims, and transporting them. When constructing a manhole, rescuers move on all fours, crawling, lying on their backs, on their stomachs, on their sides. If the movement of rescuers is hampered by large reinforced concrete, metal, wood, or brick products, then they must be bypassed; if this is not possible, then they must be destroyed; in some cases, a hole can be made in them.
When constructing a manhole, special attention should be paid to its reliable fastening in order to prevent the collapse of the walls. For this purpose, special, pre-prepared fastening material is used - racks, spacers, boards, beams, shields, crossbars, struts.
When constructing a manhole, movement of rescuers and equipment along the top of the rubble is not allowed.
After completing work on constructing the manhole and securing the passage, rescuers begin to free the people. First of all, the condition of the victim and the degree of his injury are determined. Then the pressed or pinched parts of the body are released with the simultaneous application of tourniquets and compressive bandages, the oral and nasal cavities are cleaned, and small debris, debris, and rubble are removed from the victim by hand. Depending on the physical condition of the victim, the method of extraction and transportation is selected.
At least two rescuers must free the victim from the rubble. If such an opportunity exists, then he is pulled out by the arms or the upper shoulder girdle. If this cannot be done, then rescuers place their hands under his shoulder girdle and lower back and only then carefully release the victim. Sometimes it is advisable to use a thick cloth to position the victim or stretcher.
If the victim is under large and heavy elements of the blockage, then he is freed with the help of spreaders, jacks, and lifting equipment. In cases where the victim is pinned to the ground, he can be freed by digging.
Injuries typical for people caught in rubble include fractures, bruises, and concussions. A specific injury is considered to be prolonged compression of muscles and internal organs - long-term compression syndrome.
This type of injury is characterized by cessation of blood flow and metabolism in compressed areas of the body, which leads to intensive formation and accumulation of toxic breakdown products, tissue destruction, and the formation of under-oxidized metabolic products. When a compressed area of the body is released and blood circulation is restored, a huge amount of toxins enter the body. It directly depends on the area of the affected areas and the time of compression. Along with the outflow of toxins from the affected areas, a large amount of blood plasma (sometimes 3-4 liters) rushes to these places. The limbs sharply increase in volume, the contours of the muscles are disrupted, the swelling acquires maximum density, which causes pain. The described redistribution of toxins and blood plasma leads to inhibition of the activity of all body systems and is the cause of death of the victim in the first minutes after release from the rubble.
Simultaneously with the formation of toxic substances, myoglobin molecules are formed in the affected muscles. Together with the blood, they enter the kidneys, damaging their tubules, which can cause death from kidney failure.
To save the life of a victim during prolonged compression of tissues, it is necessary to inject plasma-containing solutions into his blood before release, give plenty of warm drinks, and apply cold to the damaged areas. Immediately after release, the compressed surface should be tightly bandaged, which will reduce swelling and limit the volume of redistributed plasma. Regardless of the presence or absence of damaged bones, splints are applied, cold and painkillers are used, and the issue of delivering the victim to a medical institution, which must have an “artificial kidney” apparatus, is promptly resolved.
It is very important for a rescuer to know exact time the beginning of compression, since during the first two hours the consequences of this injury are reversible and harmless to humans. During this time, rescuers must free as many people as possible.
Carrying out RPS may necessitate the movement of rescuers in rubble conditions. The route of movement is selected taking into account the shortest distance to the place of work, in the absence of unstable elements and additional obstacles on the way.
When moving through a blockage, rescuers must exercise extreme caution, since it can contain many unexpected things:
Victims and material assets;
Collapse of surviving, unstable fragments of buildings and building elements;
Voids and their subsidence;
Explosions as a result of the accumulation of flammable and explosive gases in voids;
Fire and smoke;
Damaged utility networks, product pipelines;
Harmful substances, including hazardous substances.
When moving in the immediate vicinity of the rubble, special attention should be paid to the surviving fragments of buildings, since they pose an increased danger. This is due to the possibility of their sudden collapse. No less dangerous are posed by damaged utility systems. In some cases there is a risk of fire, explosion or poisoning.
When moving along the surface of a rubble, the optimal and safe route is chosen. Particular attention is paid to choosing where to place your feet. You should only step on securely lying objects. In some cases, the remains of buildings, boards, pipes, and fittings should be removed from the road.
It is impossible to move around in conditions of rubble, enter destroyed buildings, or stay near them unless necessary. You should not run, jump, or throw heavy objects on the rubble. This can cause injury to rescuers and create an additional threat to the health and life of victims who are in the rubble.
In cases where partially destroyed buildings remain in the RPS area, it is necessary to provide assistance to the people in them. To do this, rescuers must assess the reliability of buildings, determine methods of movement, extraction and evacuation of victims.
3.Search and rescue work in rubble conditions
According to the degree of destruction of buildings, rubble is divided into five types.
Light damage: thin cracks appear on the walls of buildings, plaster crumbles, small pieces break off, glass in windows is damaged.
Mild destruction: small cracks in the walls, fairly large pieces of plaster break off, the roof is partially damaged, glass in the windows is completely broken.
Moderate destruction: large cracks in the walls of buildings, collapse of chimneys, partial collapse of the roof.
Severe destruction: collapse of internal partitions and walls, breaks in walls, collapse of parts of buildings, destruction of connections between parts of buildings, collapse of the roof.
Complete destruction.
Before starting RPS in the rubble, you must:
turn off the power supply, gas supply, water supply;
check the condition of the remaining structures and overhanging elements;
inspect the interior;
make sure there is no danger, create safe working conditions;
determine escape routes in case of danger
The technology for conducting R&D in the rubble includes the following main stages.
Stage No. 1. Study and analysis of the situation, assessment of the degree of destruction, establishment of the destruction zone, marking. Assessment of the stability of buildings and structures. Organization of safe working conditions for rescuers.
Stage No. 2. Providing prompt assistance to victims located on the surface of the rubble.
Stage No. 3. Thorough search for victims using all available means and search methods.
Stage No. 4. Partial dismantling of the rubble using heavy equipment to provide assistance to the victims.
Stage No. 5. General dismantling (clearing) of the rubble after removing all victims.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RF
Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen
Faculty of Life Safety
COURSE WORK
On the topic: "Features of emergency rescue work during the collapse of residential buildings"
St. Petersburg
Introduction
1. RPS Management
Conclusion
Literature
Brief terminological dictionary
Introduction
Emergency work during emergency response is an activity to comprehensively provide emergency rescue operations, provide medical and other types of assistance to the population affected by emergency situations, create conditions that are minimally necessary to preserve the life and health of people, and maintain their working capacity.
Emergency rescue operations include search and rescue, mine rescue, gas rescue, blowout control (at oil wells), as well as emergency rescue related to fire extinguishing, work to eliminate the health consequences of emergencies and a number of others. similar works, the list of which, if necessary, is specified by the Government of the Russian Federation
1. RPS Management
APS Department. The most important element of successful RPS in emergencies is management. Management refers to a set of activities for the organization, coordination, management and implementation of RPS.
The main goal of the RPS management is to create conditions for the effective operation of forces and means for the operational implementation of the entire complex of RPS in the shortest possible time, with minimal costs and losses.
The main tasks of RPS management:
Collection of information, its analysis and processing, assessment of the real situation, decision-making, development of a work schedule;
Constant monitoring of the situation, development of a forecast and possible options for the development of emergency situations;
Assessing the real situation, determining the volume, nature and optimal options conducting RPS, promptly introducing changes to the original work plan in case of changes in conditions and situations in the emergency zone;
Determining the degree of danger of emergency factors, setting the boundaries of dangerous zones;
Calculation of forces and means for carrying out RPS;
Setting tasks and bringing them to the attention of performers;
Coordination and ensuring interaction between all RPS participants;
Analysis of the results of current work, making adjustments;
Monitoring the completion of tasks;
Organization of the final stage of the RPS.
The main forms of PSR management: strategic, operational, tactical, normative.
RPS management must be sustainable and continuous.
RPS management begins at the moment of receiving information about the occurrence of an emergency and continues until the work is completed.
The highest level of the RPS management system is the Crisis Management Center (CMC).
The activities of management bodies are based on constantly incoming information about emergencies, about the progress of the RPS, and about conditions in the emergency zone. Decisions are made on the basis of studying, analyzing, and summarizing a large amount of incoming information, taking into account strategic and tactical objectives. After developing and making a decision, a task is set for the rescuers, the area for carrying out the RPS, the methods for carrying them out, the conditions of interaction, the composition of the participants, and the working groups are indicated. The time for completion of the RPS is determined.
2. Search and rescue operations in rubble conditions
Quite often, RPS has to be carried out in rubble conditions. A rubble is a chaotic accumulation of building materials and structures, fragments of technological equipment, sanitary equipment, furniture, household utensils, and stones.
The cause of the formation of rubble can be natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, landslides, mudflows), exposure to natural factors leading to aging and corrosion of materials (atmospheric moisture, groundwater, subsidence soils, sudden changes in temperature air), errors at the design and construction stage, violations of facility operation rules, military actions. The degree of damage to buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, and the degree of wear (aging) of buildings.
According to the degree of destruction of buildings, rubble is divided into five types.
1. Light damage: thin cracks appear on the walls of buildings, plaster crumbles, small pieces break off, glass in windows is damaged.
2. Weak destruction: small cracks in the walls, quite large pieces of plaster break off, cracks appear in chimneys, some of them collapse, the roof is partially damaged, glass in the windows is completely broken.
3. Moderate destruction: large cracks in the walls of buildings, collapse of chimneys, partial fall of the roof.
4. Severe destruction: collapse of internal partitions and walls, breaks in walls, collapse of parts of buildings, destruction of connections between parts of buildings, collapse of the roof.
5. Complete destruction.
The rubble can be continuous or isolated (local). The volume of rubble from the destruction of residential buildings is 35-50%, industrial - 15-20% of the construction volume. The height of the rubble of residential buildings is 1/5-1/7, industrial - 1/4-1/10 of their original height. The average slope angle of the rubble is 30°. The volume of voids in the rubble is 40-60%.
The rubble is conventionally divided into reinforced concrete and brick. Reinforced concrete rubble consists of fragments of reinforced concrete, concrete, metal and wooden structures, fragments of brickwork, and elements of technological equipment. They are characterized by the presence of a large number of large elements, often interconnected, voids and unstable elements.
Brick rubble consists of brick blocks, broken bricks, plaster, fragments of reinforced concrete, metal, and wooden structures. They are characterized by high density, the absence of large, as a rule, elements and voids.
The formation of blockages is accompanied by damage to electrical, thermal, gas, plumbing and other systems. This creates the risk of fires, explosions, flooding, and electric shock. The rubble of industrial buildings in which hazardous substances are produced or stored is especially dangerous.
The destruction of buildings and the formation of rubble is usually accompanied by death, blocking, and injury to people. Of all those injured in the rubble, approximately 40% receive minor injuries, 20% receive moderate injuries, and the same percentage receive severe and extremely severe injuries and mutilations.
Degree of destruction of buildings:
a - slight damage; b - weak; c - average; g - strong; d - complete destruction.
Victims may be in the upper, middle, lower parts of the rubble, in blocked basements and underground protective structures, technological underground and in the premises of the first floors. In some cases, they may remain on different floors of partially destroyed premises, in niches and voids, on roofs.
Typical scheme for organizing RPS during the destruction of buildings and structures:
1 - cordoning off the emergency area by the traffic police, checkpoints on the roads; 2 - cordoning off the emergency zone and the RPS site by law enforcement agencies; 3 - management headquarters (OG EMERCOM of the Russian Federation); 4 - point of providing medical assistance to slightly injured people; 5 - point for providing medical assistance to seriously injured people; 6 - victim identification area; 7 - first aid station for triage of casualties; 8 - path for through traffic of ambulances; 9 - path for through traffic of fire service vehicles and construction equipment; 10 - entry and exit coordination point; 11 - rest point for rescuers; 12 - heating point for rescuers; 13- food point for rescuers; 14 - reserve forces; 15 - collection point for found documents and valuables; 16 - equipment reserve; 17 - platform for refueling fuel and lubricants; 18 - forces and means of the necessary emergency services; 19 - work areas; 20 - emergency facility
Almost all the rubble ends up with people, some of them die immediately, some are injured. In the first day after an emergency, in the absence of first aid, approximately 40% of the victims die in the rubble. After 3-4 days after the formation of the blockage, the living people in it begin to die from thirst, cold, and injuries. After 7-10 days, there are practically no living people left in the rubble.
Search and rescue operations in rubble conditions begin with reconnaissance, which requires:
Establish the emergency zone and its nature;
Determine the location and condition of the victims;
Assess the condition of objects in the emergency zone (buildings, communications, engineering systems);
Determine the presence of fires, radioactive, chemical, bacteriological contamination, toxic and explosive substances, prevent their negative impact on people, eliminate or localize;
Determine the locations for laying access roads, installing equipment, and evacuation routes for victims;
Establish constant monitoring of the condition of the blockage.
Before starting RPS in the rubble, you must:
Turn off the power supply, gas supply, water supply;
Check the condition of the remaining structures, overhanging elements, walls;
Inspect the interior;
Make sure there is no danger, create safe working conditions;
Determine escape routes in case of danger.
The technology for conducting R&D in the rubble includes the following main stages.
Stage No. 1. Study and analysis of the situation, assessment of the degree of destruction, establishment of the destruction zone, marking. Assessment of the stability of buildings and structures. Organization of safe working conditions for rescuers.
Stage No. 2. Providing prompt assistance to victims located on the surface of the rubble.
Stage No. 3. Thorough search for victims using all available means and search methods.
Stage No. 4. Partial dismantling of the rubble using heavy equipment to provide assistance to the victims.
Stage No. 5. General dismantling (clearing) of the rubble after removing all victims.
An important element of the organization of RPS in the rubble is marking. The main markings are presented below.
The structure is accessible and safe for RPS. The damage is minor. The likelihood of further destruction is low;
The structure has significant damage, some areas are safe, others require strengthening or destruction;
The building is dangerous for carrying out RPS;
An arrow next to the square indicates the direction to a safe entrance to the building.
The search for victims in the rubble is carried out in the following main ways: visually, according to eyewitnesses, with the help of search dogs, with the help of special devices.
After conducting reconnaissance and ensuring safe working conditions, rescuers begin dismantling the rubble to provide assistance to the victims. First of all, PSRs are carried out in those places where living people are found. In this case, two main methods are used: dismantling the rubble from top to bottom; making a hole in the rubble.
When carrying out R&D in rubble, the following tools, devices, machines and mechanisms are most often used.
Hydraulic tools: jaw spreaders, expanders, jacks, hydraulic cylinders.
Electric tools: electric chain and circular saws, angle grinders.
Entrenching tools: crowbars, shovels, picks, saws.
Machinery and mechanisms: truck cranes of various lifting capacities, excavators, loaders, bulldozers, trucks.
To obtain sound information during RPS in the rubble, it is necessary to organize a so-called “HOUR OF SILENCE”. At the command of the manager in the emergency zone, all work is stopped, traffic is stopped, and all working machines and mechanisms are turned off. Only rescuers with equipment for searching for victims, dog handlers with dogs, and “listeners” remain in the rubble. The duration of the “hour of silence” is 15-20 minutes. During the day, the “hour of silence” can be announced several times.
Dismantling of the rubble from above is carried out to provide assistance to victims who are in the upper part of the rubble and have free access to them. The rubble is removed manually using crowbars, shovels, and scoops. To lift and move large and heavy elements of the blockage, lifting equipment (jacks, winches, cranes) is used. In this case, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of sudden movement of elements of the rubble, which could cause additional suffering to the victims. Once the victims are freed, they are treated and transported to safety.
Often the victims are located deep in the rubble. To extract them, rescuers make a special narrow passage (manhole), taking into account the shortest distance to people, in the most easily surmountable areas of the rubble. It is not recommended to make a hole in the immediate vicinity of large blocks, as they can settle and make work difficult. The hole is made in horizontal, inclined and vertical directions. The optimal width of the manhole is 0.8-0.9 m, height - 0.9-1.0 m. Work on the construction of the manhole is carried out by several groups (3-4 people each) manually or using tools. Their task includes dismantling the rubble, making a hole, preparing and installing fasteners, removing recoverable debris, unblocking victims, and transporting them. When constructing a manhole, rescuers move on all fours, crawling, lying on their backs, on their stomachs, on their sides. If the movement of rescuers is hampered by large reinforced concrete, metal, wood, or brick products, then they must be bypassed; if this is not possible, then they must be destroyed; in some cases, a hole can be made in them.
When constructing a manhole, special attention should be paid to its reliable fastening in order to prevent the collapse of the walls. For this purpose, special, pre-prepared fastening material is used - racks, spacers, boards, beams, shields, crossbars, struts.
When constructing a manhole, movement of rescuers and equipment along the top of the rubble is not allowed.
After completing work on constructing the manhole and securing the passage, rescuers begin to free the people. First of all, the condition of the victim and the degree of his injury are determined. Then the pressed or pinched parts of the body are released with the simultaneous application of tourniquets and compressive bandages, the oral and nasal cavities are cleaned, and small debris, debris, and rubble are removed from the victim by hand. Depending on the physical condition of the victim, the method of extraction and transportation is selected.
At least two rescuers must free the victim from the rubble. If such an opportunity exists, then he is pulled out by the arms or the upper shoulder girdle. If this cannot be done, then rescuers place their hands under his shoulder girdle and lower back and only then carefully release the victim. Sometimes it is advisable to use a thick cloth to position the victim or stretcher.
If the victim is under large and heavy elements of the blockage, then he is freed with the help of spreaders, jacks, and lifting equipment. In cases where the victim is pinned to the ground, he can be freed by digging.
Injuries typical for people caught in rubble include fractures, bruises, and concussions. A specific injury is considered to be prolonged compression of muscles and internal organs - long-term compression syndrome.
This type of injury is characterized by cessation of blood flow and metabolism in compressed areas of the body, which leads to intensive formation and accumulation of toxic breakdown products, tissue destruction, and the formation of under-oxidized metabolic products. When a compressed area of the body is released and blood circulation is restored, a huge amount of toxins enter the body. It directly depends on the area of the affected areas and the time of compression. Along with the outflow of toxins from the affected areas, a large amount of blood plasma (sometimes 3-4 liters) rushes to these places. The limbs sharply increase in volume, the contours of the muscles are disrupted, the swelling acquires maximum density, which causes pain. The described redistribution of toxins and blood plasma leads to inhibition of the activity of all body systems and is the cause of death of the victim in the first minutes after release from the rubble.
Simultaneously with the formation of toxic substances, myoglobin molecules are formed in the affected muscles. Together with the blood, they enter the kidneys, damaging their tubules, which can cause death from kidney failure.
To save the life of a victim during prolonged compression of tissues, it is necessary to inject plasma-containing solutions into his blood before release, give plenty of warm drinks, and apply cold to the damaged areas. Immediately after release, the compressed surface should be tightly bandaged, which will reduce swelling and limit the volume of redistributed plasma. Regardless of the presence or absence of damaged bones, splints are applied, cold and painkillers are used, and the issue of delivering the victim to a medical institution, which must have an “artificial kidney” apparatus, is promptly resolved.
It is very important for the rescuer to know the exact time the compression began, since during the first two hours the consequences of this injury are reversible and not dangerous to humans. During this time, rescuers must free as many people as possible.
A rational method of providing assistance to victims of long-term compression syndrome is the following.
1. During the first 2 hours after the start of the disaster, it is necessary to mobilize all forces and means to free the victims from compression, which will ensure that the development of toxicosis is minimized.
2. After 2 hours, all victims should be divided into 2 groups (with mild and severe forms of injuries). The nature of the injury is determined by the mass of compressed tissue and the general condition of the victim.
Victims with mild injuries should be quickly released from compression and sent to a medical facility.
Victims with severe trauma must be released from compression so as not to stimulate blood circulation in damaged tissues during transportation. It is necessary to provide assistance slowly, consistently performing pain relief, introducing plasma-containing solutions into the body, using plenty of fluids, bandaging the affected limb, cooling, tourniquet, and splints.
3. Seriously ill patients require resuscitation therapy and surgery. Therefore, they should be sent to inpatient treatment facilities.
If it is impossible to transport a seriously ill patient to a medical facility, then amputation of the limb should be started on the spot without removing the tourniquet, having obtained the consent of the victim.
The described technique allows you to prevent the development of toxicosis and save lives as much as possible. more injured.
Partially destroyed buildings and structures remain in the emergency zone. They pose a potential hazard due to possible sudden collapse. These structures must be strengthened with special devices (stops, supports, struts) or collapsed. Collapse is carried out in three main ways using:
Hammerball;
Traction device (winches, tractors, machines);
Blasting operations must be carried out by specially trained rescuers. The areas where these works are carried out must be fenced.
Many buildings and structures are equipped with basements, shelters, and technological undergrounds in which people may find themselves. The resulting rubble, as a rule, closes exits, impedes air access, and makes it impossible for people to escape from these shelters on their own. The duties of rescuers include:
Searching for littered shelters;
Finding out the situation inside the shelter (number of people, their condition, degree of damage to the shelter, availability of water, food, medicine);
Organizing the supply of air, water, food, medicines, dressings, and protective equipment to the shelter;
Clearing, opening shelters, evacuating victims, providing assistance to them.
The search for littered shelters is carried out using plans of the city, district, street, by external signs (air intake pipes), by sound signals (screaming, groaning, knocking), using dogs.
After finding a shelter, contact is established with the victims (voice, tapping, radio or telephone communication). At the same time, rescuers begin clearing and opening shelters. First of all, the locations of hatches, doors, heads, openings, and air intake pipes are cleared and cleared. If this is not possible, then rescuers punch holes in the wall or ceiling. These works are carried out using a concrete breaker, a jackhammer, a hammer drill, a crowbar, a sledgehammer, a chisel, and a shovel. The holes are used to supply air, water, food, and medicine. Once expanded, they are used to evacuate people.
When carrying out R&D work in rubble, machines and mechanisms are often used. With their help, passages and passages are cleared, heavy structural elements are moved and collapsed, rescuers and victims move.
search rescue destruction blockage building
Work to rescue people in partially destroyed ground structures at height begins with inspecting and checking the degree of damage to external main walls and overhanging structures, internal premises, determining the location of people and the possibility of their evacuation. If necessary, walls, beams, trusses, and ceilings are strengthened by installing supports, racks, braces, and braces. The main means of lifting rescuers to heights is a ladder.
When using a ladder you must:
Install and secure it securely;
Place your foot on the step with the middle or front of your foot;
Cover the steps or side posts of the stairs with your fingers; - keep your body close to the stairs;
Turn your knees behind the side posts of the stairs;
Move smoothly without swaying.
The movement of rescuers along stairs is carried out in a one-way or diagonal manner. The unilateral method involves simultaneously moving the right leg and right arm or the left leg and left arm to the next step. The diagonal method involves simultaneously moving the right leg and left arm or the left leg and right arm to the next step.
You need to move along securely fastened ladders, equipped with anti-slip stops, grips and installed on reliable lower and upper supports. The safe installation angle is 75°. Stairs are usually walked up or down one at a time.
The rescuer's transition from the stairs to the window (opening) is carried out as follows. Having climbed the stairs to the level of the window sill (the lower edge of the opening), holding onto the stairs with one hand, you should stand with your foot on the window sill (the edge of the opening) and at the same time, holding the edge of the partition with your other hand, move your leg from the stairs and lower yourself to the floor.
If the window is closed or barred, the rescuer must secure himself to the ladder at the level of the window, open it and then enter the room.
The transition from the stairs to the roof is performed in this order. The rescuer climbs the ladder slightly above the level of the roof eaves. Holding the ladder with his hand (if there is a gutter, by it), he places one foot on the roof, then the other.
To move from a window (opening) and from the roof to the stairs, the rescuer walks to the upper end of the stairs, grabs the top step from the outside with one hand, presses against the stairs, turns 180° to face the stairs, puts one foot on the step, grabs the other hold the step with your hand and move your other foot onto the step.
Rescuers can ascend to the upper floors of buildings using an assault ladder. It has 13 steps and is equipped with a special hook with teeth, with which it is secured to the window sill (opening).
Installation of an assault ladder into a second floor window is carried out by lifting it and securing it with a hook to the window sill on the right side of the window. After hanging the ladder, the rescuer begins climbing it. When going out onto the windowsill, the right leg should be in position on the ninth (tenth) step, hands on the thirteenth step. Holding the step with your hands, you need to move your left leg over the window sill and sit astride it, straighten your right leg, and go into the room.
Rescuers ascend to the third and subsequent floors in the following order. While sitting on the windowsill, you need to grab the side post above the twelfth step or this step with your right hand, and the hook or the thirteenth step with your left hand. With a strong jerk with both hands and extension of the body, lift the ladder and turn it with a hook towards you, moving your hands alternately along the side stand, lift the ladder until the hook position is 15-20 cm above the window sill, turn the ladder with the hook into the window and hang it on the right half of the window.
The transition from the window sill to the stairs is carried out in the following order:
Place your right foot on the first step;
Grab the fourth (fifth) step from the inside with your left hand;
With your right hand, grab the fifth (sixth) step from the outside and rise until your right leg is straightened, place your left leg on the windowsill near the side post;
Pushing off the window sill with your left foot and pulling yourself up on your hands, place your right foot on the third (fourth) step and continue climbing.
Upon reaching a given floor, the rescuer must sit on the window sill, lower his left leg to the floor, grab the hook with his left hand and move his right leg out the window.
Descending the assault ladder is carried out in the following order:
Move your right leg over the window sill;
Sit on the windowsill astride;
Take your wives' hands
for the top step;
Place your right foot on the ninth (tenth) step;
Straighten your body and move your left leg to the tenth (ninth) step;
Go down the stairs to the bottom of the window sill;
Move your left leg over the window sill and sit astride it;
Grasp the left side post above the third step with your right hand, and the right side post above the same step with your left hand;
Raise the ladder, turn it with the hook towards you, moving the side posts with your hands, lower the ladder until the hook is positioned above your head, turn the ladder with the hook towards the window and hang it on the windowsill;
Go out onto the stairs and lower yourself to the ground;
Grab the side posts above the third step, raise the ladder 15-20 cm, remove the hook from the window sill, and lower the ladder.
To save people trapped on the roof, rescuers climb to them using:
Ladders (attached, assault, retractable, hinged, rope);
Rope systems;
Special lifts;
Surviving flights of stairs, fire escapes, structures.
In some cases, a helicopter is used to rescue people trapped on the roof.
Conclusion
The life and health of people involved in emergency situations in one way or another depends on the quality of emergency rescue and other types of work in an emergency zone. In order to ensure prompt, coordinated actions of all services involved in eliminating the consequences of emergencies, as well as guaranteeing the professional and social security of rescuers by the highest government agencies The Russian Federation has adopted a number of regulations regulating the procedure for carrying out work and designating the status of employees of rescue units. In particular, the federal law dated August 22, 1995 N151-FZ “On emergency rescue services and the status of rescuers” establishes a number of principles for the activities of emergency rescue services and units, defines the powers of the leaders of the emergency response process, and introduces a set of guarantees for rescue service workers.
To achieve the greatest efficiency of work at an emergency site, a set of measures is required, including legislative framework, economic support funds, special technical support, provision of communications equipment. No less important is the organizational aspect, which makes it possible to coordinate the actions of special rescue services at different levels in emergency conditions.
The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations has quite a lot of experience in working in a wide variety of emergency situations, including unique experience in rescuing Arctic expeditions, eliminating the consequences of island and shelf earthquakes, large floods, etc. But, as statistics show, the number of accidents and other emergencies is not decreasing. This circumstance is largely explained by the difficult economic situation, deterioration of basic production and housing assets, and communications. Taking into account the above, we can conclude that it is necessary to improve the civil defense and emergency systems system, strengthen comprehensive state support rescue services, increasing the process of exchanging best international experience in the field of organizing rescue and other emergency operations
Literature
1. Accidents and disasters. Prevention and mitigation of consequences. - M.: ABC, 1995.
2. Library of extreme situations. - M.: State Research and Production Enterprise “Aerogeology”, 1995. No. 1–15.
3. To help the head of civil defense (B-chka magazine “Military Knowledge”). - M., 1992. No. 6.
4. Gangnus A. The mystery of earthly catastrophes. - M.: Mysl, 1985.
5. Geographical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1988.
6. Gostyushin A.V. Encyclopedia of extreme situations. - M.: Mirror, 1994.
7. Civil defense: Textbook. allowance. - M.: Education, 1991.
8. Davis B. Encyclopedia of survival and rescue. - M.: Veche, 1997.
9. Porfiryev B.N. Public administration in emergency situations. - M.: Nauka, 1991.
10. Techniques and means of belaying using a climbing rope. - M.: Tu-rist, 1989.
11. Rusak S.N. Work without danger. - L.: Lenizdat, 1986.
12. Rescuer's Handbook. - M.: VNII GOCHS, 1995.
13. Handbook of a specialist in the Navy emergency rescue service. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1963.
14. rescue and life support of the population during catastrophic earthquakes, - M., 1992.
15. Shoigu S.K., Kudinov S.M., Nezhivoy A.F., Gerokaris A.V. Rescuer labor protection. (Under the general editorship of Yu. L. Vorobyov). - M.: Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 1998.
16. Shoigu S.K., Kudinov S.M., Nezhivoy A.F., Nozhevoy S.A. Rescuer's manual. (Under the general editorship of Yu.L. Vorobyov). - M.: Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 1997.
Brief terminological dictionary
Emergency rescue work- actions to save people, material and cultural values, protection of the natural environment in the emergency zone, localization of emergency situations and suppression or reduction to the minimum possible level of exposure to their characteristic hazardous factors. ACPs are characterized by the presence of factors that threaten the life and health of people carrying out this work and require special training, equipment and equipment.
Zaval- a chaotic accumulation of building materials and structures, debris of technological equipment, sanitary equipment, furniture, household utensils, and stones.
Rescuer - a citizen trained to carry out emergency rescue operations.
Saving people- actions to provide assistance to people in emergencies and exposure to dangerous and harmful factors.
Emergency situation (ES) - the situation in a certain territory resulting from an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster that may result or has resulted in human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of people’s living conditions.
1. Introductory part
15 minutes.
Formation of guard personnel, checking uniforms, checking personnel according to the list of the training magazine, checking the availability of notes, knowledge
Instruction on labor safety rules:
When rescuing people and property in a fire, operational officials are required to determine the procedure and methods for rescuing people, depending on the situation and condition of the people who need assistance, and take measures to protect those being rescued from the dangerous factors of the fire.
Rescue work is carried out quickly, but with precautions taken so that no damage or injury is caused to the people being rescued.
In all cases when rescue operations are carried out, officials, simultaneously with the deployment of forces and means, organize a call for emergency medical assistance, even if this moment there is no need for it.
Before medical personnel arrive at a fire, first aid to victims is provided, in accordance with the established procedure, by the personnel of the State Fire Service units.
To rescue people and property from a height, tested stationary and manual fire escapes, ladders and fire trucks, rescue ropes, rescue hoses, pneumatic jump rescue devices and other devices that have the appropriate certificates and have been tested are used.
Rescue and self-rescue can only begin after making sure that the length of the rescue rope provides a complete descent to the ground (balcony, etc.), the rescue loop is securely fastened to the person being rescued, the rescue rope is secured to the building structure and is correctly wound on the firefighter’s belt carabiner.
It is prohibited to use wet or highly moist rescue ropes for rescue and self-rescue, as well as rescue ropes not included in the combat crew, and ropes intended for other purposes.
In cases where the immediate extraction of victims who are in conditions of forced isolation is not possible, first of all, to ensure the survival of the victims, the supply of clean air, drinking water, food, medicines and personal protective equipment is organized by all available means.
Main part
60 min.
Search for victims and extract them from damaged and burning buildings, gas-filled, smoke-filled and flooded premises or rubble
Opening destroyed, damaged or littered premises and rescuing people in them
Supplying air to blocked rooms to ensure the lives of the people there
Providing first first aid fire victims
Organization of evacuation of material assets from the danger zone
Strengthening and collapsing structures of buildings and structures that threaten collapse and impede the safe performance of work
Elimination of the consequences of destruction.
As a result of the destruction of urban and industrial buildings, victims need medical care and cannot independently get out of the destroyed buildings and structures without outside help. People in crowded rooms may need an urgent supply of fresh air.
When carrying out rescue operations it is necessary
Conduct a reconnaissance of the scene of the incident and assess the situation
Prepare work sites for installation of machines and mechanisms
Disconnect utilities from the building, primarily gas and electricity
Conduct search and rescue of people located on the remaining parts of the building, in voids and on the surface of the rubble
Lay channels or break through tunnels to supply oxygen to people buried under the rubble
Dismantle the rubble in front of the entrance (floor or wall) of the building
Punch openings in the wall or ceiling.
When conducting combat operations it is necessary
The place and method of work must be determined in each specific case based on reconnaissance data, depending on the type of building, its condition, the nature of the blockage and the available means of mechanization
Assess the situation, establish the type of building, its design features, dimensions and area. When assessing the situation, take into account the season of the year, time of day, weather conditions and other factors that can have a significant impact on the conduct of PASR
Simultaneously with reconnaissance, lay hose lines with manual monitors to protect people working on the rubble from fire. Can be used on auto stairs and lifts
Personnel involved in reconnaissance and searching for people should pay attention to the smell of gas and, if they are seen working in RPE, move extremely carefully so as not to cause an explosion from sudden contact with metal and stone surfaces
Shut off emergency utility and power networks near the destroyed building (structure), pump out or drain water, localize or eliminate existing fires
Strengthen or destroy building structures that threaten to collapse using available technical means
Constantly monitor the composition of the air at the accident site, using environmental monitoring devices (oxygen content, toxic and explosive components, heat flux density), etc.
In case of small rubble, consisting mainly of small fragments, it is possible to carry out work manually using the simplest tools and small-scale mechanization.
Personnel working to clear debris must be equipped with hand and mechanized tools. For every 2-3 links there should be one device for cutting metal. Units must be equipped with fire extinguishers, sets of protective clothing, personal protective equipment, and dosimeters.
When working, it is necessary to strictly observe labor safety measures
Personnel working to clear debris must wear protective helmets and gloves. When working at height, must have safety belts and rescue ropes
Constantly monitor surviving structures
Prohibited collapse structures onto the existing rubble, as this can lead to the death of people remaining in the rubble, cause an explosion or fire
Dangerous areas must be fenced or marked with signs
Minimize walking on the rubble; move through the pile of debris carefully, avoiding stepping on debris that is in an unstable position
Remove debris from the rubble and pass the necessary tools along a chain of stationary rescuers
You must not move or park vehicles on the floors of structures near walls and structures that threaten to collapse
Monitor the roll of the machine and, if there is a threat of loss of stability, stop work immediately
Place wheeled excavators and cranes on outriggers when working
Prohibited pull structures apart using cables during mechanical disassembly. They should be lifted carefully, starting from the top and inspect the place after each lift, so as not to worsen the condition of people under the rubble
It is forbidden to stand under a raised load in the area of movement of the excavator bucket, near the tensioned cables when pulling away the debris elements with the direct pull of the machine.
When working in gas-filled areas, do not use tools that cause sparks, be sure to de-energize electrical lines, and use only battery-powered flashlights for lighting.
All groups working on the rubble must be under continuous supervision of specially appointed persons responsible for their safety and liaising with the post for monitoring the condition of the surviving building structures
At night, work areas must be illuminated. Excavations, trenches, pits, etc. Dangerous places must be fenced off and marked with light signals.
In winter, to warm personnel, it is necessary to equip heating points, and during prolonged work, food points.
Rescue of victims from under rubble and partially destroyed buildings.
The search and rescue of victims trapped under the rubble of destroyed buildings begins immediately upon the arrival of the units.
It is advisable to search for victims using the method of continuous examination of a destroyed building (structure), moving from each other at a distance that ensures constant visual and auditory communication
It is necessary to thoroughly examine all places where people may be located, using dog handlers and special equipment.
Serve loudly at short intervals sound signals voice or blows on the elements of the rubble and the remaining parts of the building, listen carefully to all sounds, as they may turn out to be response signals from the victims
If there are people under the rubble, you need to, if possible, establish contact with them through negotiations or knocking, find out their number and condition. At the same time, it is necessary to choose a method for clearing the rubble and begin work immediately
The blockage should be dismantled from above only if the victims are close to the surface of the blockage, as well as in cases where the blockage has a dense structure and tunneling through the gallery requires a lot of time
The rubble above the victims should be dismantled strictly following safety precautions, since if the rubble is unstable and the connection between the fragments is disrupted, spontaneous movement of individual elements and sedimentation of the entire mass of the rubble is possible
Avoid sudden jerks when removing large elements from the rubble, their rocking and strong impacts at the work site.
Inspect utility lines running close to the work site and if damage is detected on them, accompanied by leakage of water or gas release, immediately disconnect the damaged area
Burning and smoldering objects must be removed from the rubble and extinguished
When digging a gallery through the thickness of a rubble to extract victims, it is necessary to secure the gallery walls with supports made from scrap materials. The gallery fastening structures should extend beyond the dam by 1-2 m
To reduce the amount of work, it is necessary to choose the correct direction of excavation over the shortest distance using voids and areas consisting mainly of fragments of wooden structures or small stone fragments.
Work on tunneling the gallery is carried out by a team of 6-7 people. The link is divided into two crews of 3 people. The flight commander is responsible for the execution of work and compliance with safety measures. Calculations take 20-30 minutes. As part of the crew, one is dismantling the rubble, the other two are removing the debris and installing fastenings. The free shift at this time prepares fastening elements. When excavating a gallery, mechanization tools can include winches, jacks, jackhammers, and concrete breakers. The personnel of the units are equipped with tools that are convenient for working in cramped conditions: crowbars, fire axes, small sapper shovels, chisels, hammers, hacksaws for metal and wood, etc. Clothing should be comfortable for working in the rubble. Rescuers must wear protective helmets and must have safety belts with a strong rope attached to them, one end of which must be outside the rubble.
When rescuing victims from the upper floors of buildings with destroyed or damaged staircases, it is necessary
Use helicopters, car lifts, ladder trucks, hand ladders and special means of rescue from heights (ropes, sheets, air bags, etc.)
Manufacture and install suspended or attached stairs, gangways, passages to neighboring apartments or sections in which staircases have been preserved.
When looking for people indoors, you need to call out to them. Adults should be looked for at windows, doors, in corridors, i.e., on paths leading to exits from rooms, where they may be unconscious. Children should be looked for in beds, in closets, behind stoves, in closets, bathrooms, under tables, etc., where they often hide during fires.
In smoky rooms, you need to listen for groans, as you can use them to find victims. If there is information about the whereabouts of people, but firefighters do not find them there, it is necessary to carefully inspect and check all the premises. It is prohibited to limit oneself to citizens’ statements about the absence of people. The premises are checked in all cases and only after a thorough inspection, making sure that there are no people, this work is stopped.
If there is a threat to people in a fire, then all reconnaissance attention is focused on finding sources of combustion. Open fires are usually easy to detect. To identify the boundaries of open burning, you should inspect the fire site from all sides. It is much more difficult to determine hidden sources of combustion inside structures, where the fire spreads through the voids of walls, partitions, insulated coatings, ventilation ducts, etc. In these cases, it is even more difficult to determine the boundaries of the fire.
Hidden sources of combustion in voids are identified by the temperature of their surface, burnouts, changes in the color of plaster or paint, by hearing, by the release of smoke through leaks or cracks and its temperature. But it is not always possible to accurately determine the source of combustion by the place where smoke emerges from the cracks, since sometimes the smoke, spreading through the voids, comes out at a considerable distance from the place of combustion. Before determining the location of the fire, a control dismantling of the structures is carried out. The boundaries of combustion inside structures and the path of its spread are determined by control openings. Opening structures to find the source of the fire is carried out after preparing extinguishing agents.
In some cases, the location of the fire can be determined by the smell and color of the smoke.
When reconnaissing a fire in buildings with large surface areas, where distances of 200-300 m have to be covered, it is advisable to divide the room in which the fire occurred into sections and send a reconnaissance group of 4-5 people to each section. In this case, it is necessary to first develop a route for their movement, choosing the shortest distance. Before reconnaissance begins, security posts must be set up that maintain constant contact with reconnaissance groups.
In case of fires in basements, the possibility of combustion spreading to the upper floors is determined, which can be used to release smoke and introduce trunks, the layout and design features of the basement. Reconnaissance is carried out in the burning compartments of the basement and in those adjacent to it. This is necessary not only to determine the possibility of a fire spreading in them, but also to find approaches to the source of combustion.
If the building is divided by a fire wall, then reconnaissance is carried out on both sides of it.
In case of fires in warehouses, during reconnaissance, substances with unknown properties may be discovered, to determine which it is necessary to contact the Specialists located at the fire sites. If there are none, then the RTP determines the properties of the substances from documents or business designations on packages and containers, as well as from other signs. This is necessary for choosing an extinguishing agent and observing safety precautions.
In smoky rooms, the location of the combustion is determined by the reflection of the flame, the noise of combustion (crackling), and the degree of heating of the smoke. By the smell of smoke you can roughly determine what is burning.
In the attic, if it has a complex layout and is heavily smoked, the combustion boundaries are determined by probing the roof from above,
by escaping flames, places of the most intense smoke emission from under the eaves and dormer windows; in winter - in places where the snow melts. During the reconnaissance, the design features of the attic, the location of the ventilation chambers, and the degree of threat of fire spreading to the floors through the ceilings and fire walls are determined.
Fires in buildings must be reached using the shortest and most convenient routes: through doors, staircases, and corridors. If these paths are cut off by fire or smoke, use window openings, fire escapes, and articulated lifts. In some cases, the premises can be accessed through specially made openings in the walls and partitions. In smoky rooms, you should move along the walls closer to the windows - at full height if the smoke is coming from below, and crouching or crawling if the smoke is at the top. It is imperative to remember the route of movement according to characteristic objects, the number of turns, the layout of the premises, equipment, etc. The travel twine or rescue rope is passed through the carbine of each firefighter who is part of the reconnaissance group. Firefighters in a smoky room or in the dark move in a column one at a time. If at least one scout feels unwell, the group immediately stops work and helps him go out into the fresh air, where he receives assistance. If the reconnaissance was carried out by the GDZS department, then one link provides assistance to the victim, and the other continues to carry out the combat mission.
When working in RPE, the reconnaissance group must have an intercom, group and individual electric lights. A security post is set up before entering a smoke-filled room. The guard is obliged to maintain constant contact with the reconnaissance group and immediately transmit the received information to the RTP, chief of staff or combat site. The guard has no right to leave his post.
Sometimes a lot of time is spent on reconnaissance, so everyone working in RPE must monitor air (oxygen) consumption.
To correctly calculate the oxygen supply, you should adhere to the following order:
upon arrival at the place of work, the firefighter again checks the pressure in the cylinder, determines the oxygen consumption and reports it to the squad (unit) commander; the commander calculates the supply of oxygen for the firefighter whose consumption is maximum, and announces the minimum pressure of oxygen in the cylinder at which the unit (department) stops working and begins accessing clean air.
While working in an unbreathable environment, each flight commander must maintain constant contact with the security post and reconnaissance personnel using communications equipment (radio, telephone), intercom wire, track twine, lighting devices, voice, installed signals, and in dense smoke , air-mechanical foam - belay devices made from ropes. When conducting reconnaissance in the subway, multi-story basements, and ship holds, the supply of oxygen on the return journey is doubled.
The path of movement is carefully examined by touch with the foot, tapping with a crowbar or other object. On staircases, stick to the walls, as the enclosing railings may be faulty. To avoid burns, doors to rooms are opened carefully, remaining under the protection of the door leaf. When entering a room where combustion is taking place, keep the barrel ready and check whether there are automatic locks on the doors; the door is left open. The rays of light from electric flashlights are directed not into the depths of the room, but downwards, under the feet, in order to see the path of movement. cannot independently leave the area where there is a possibility of exposure to dangerous fire factors (fire, smoke, high temperature).
Evacuation of people is a forced process of independent movement of people, accompanied by firefighters, from the zone of fire hazards.
The procedure and methods of rescue are determined by the RTP and the persons carrying out rescue operations, depending on the situation and the condition of the people. The presence of a poisonous atmosphere is most likely during fires at facilities associated with the use, production, processing and storage of harmful gases and liquids, as well as substances that can form them when heated or burned. During fire reconnaissance, their presence in the air can be determined by their specific smell, color, taste, and effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract.
Final part
15 minutes.
lesson analysis, short survey on the topic; self-study task.
3. Aids AND EQUIPMENT USED DURING CLASSES:
classroom posters
4. TASK FOR INDEPENDENT WORK OF LISTENERS AND PREPARATION FOR THE NEXT LESSON:
Features of the development and extinguishing of fires in high-rise buildings. Fire reconnaissance. Evacuation and rescue work..
Rubble called a chaotic accumulation of building materials and structures, technological equipment, sanitary devices, furniture, household utensils, and stones. The cause of the formation of rubble can be natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, landslides, mudflows), exposure to natural factors leading to aging and corrosion of materials (atmospheric moisture, groundwater, subsidence soils, sudden changes in temperature air), errors at the design and construction stage, violations of facility operation rules, military actions. The degree of destruction of buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, the degree of wear (aging) of buildings
There are blockages solid and separate ( local). The volume of rubble from the destruction of residential buildings is 35-50%, industrial - 15-20% of the construction volume. The height of the rubble of residential buildings is 1/5 - 1/7, industrial - 1/4 - 1/10 of their original height. The average slope angle of the rubble is 30°. The volume of voids in the rubble is 40-60%. The rubble is conventionally divided into reinforced concrete and brick. Reinforced concrete rubble consists of fragments of reinforced concrete, concrete, metal and wooden structures, fragments of brickwork, and elements of technological equipment. They are characterized by the presence of a large number of large elements, often interconnected, voids and unstable elements. Brick rubble consists of brick blocks, broken bricks, plaster, fragments of reinforced concrete, metal, and wooden structures. They are characterized by high density, the absence of large, as a rule, elements and voids.
Rubble formation accompanied by damage to electrical, thermal, gas, plumbing and other systems. This creates the risk of fires, explosions, flooding, and electric shock. The rubble of industrial buildings in which hazardous substances are produced or stored is especially dangerous. The destruction of buildings and the formation of rubble is usually accompanied by blocking, injury and death. Victims may be in the upper, middle, lower parts of the rubble, in blocked basements and underground protective structures, technological underground and in the premises of the first floors. In some cases, they may remain on different floors of partially destroyed premises, in niches and voids, on roofs.
Search and rescue operations in rubble conditions begin with intelligence, for which you should:
- establish the emergency zone and its nature;
- determine the location and condition of the victims;
- assess the condition of objects in the emergency zone (buildings, communications, engineering systems);
- determine the presence of fires, radioactive, chemical, bacteriological contamination, toxic and explosive substances;
- determine the location of access roads, installation of equipment, and evacuation routes for victims.
After conducting reconnaissance, rescuers begin dismantling the rubble to provide assistance to the victims. There are two main methods used:
- dismantling the blockage from above;
- construction of a hole in the rubble.
Removing the debris from above carried out to provide assistance to victims who are located at the top of the rubble and have free access to them. The rubble is removed manually using crowbars, shovels, and scoops. To lift and move large and heavy elements of the blockage, lifting equipment (jacks, winches, cranes) is used. In this case, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of sudden movement of elements of the rubble, which could cause additional suffering to the victims. After the victims are released, they are given assistance and transported to a safe place.
| Construction of a hole in the rubble. Often the victims are located deep in the rubble. To extract them, rescuers make a special narrow passage (manhole), taking into account the shortest distance to people, in the most easily surmountable areas of the rubble. It is not recommended to build a hole in the immediate vicinity of large blocks, as they can settle and |  |
| make work difficult. The hole is made in horizontal, inclined and vertical directions. The optimal width of the manhole is 0.8-0.9 m, height - 0.9-1.0 m. Work on the construction of the manhole is carried out by several groups (3-4 people each) manually or using tools. Their task includes dismantling the rubble, making a hole, preparing and installing fasteners, removing the recovered debris, unblocking the victims, and transporting them. When constructing a manhole, rescuers move on all fours, crawling, lying on their backs, on their stomachs, on their sides. If the movement of rescuers is impeded by large reinforced concrete, metal, wood, or brick products, then they must be bypassed; if this is not possible, then they must be destroyed; in some cases, a hole can be made in them. When constructing a manhole, special attention should be paid to its reliable fastening in order to prevent the collapse of the walls. For this purpose, special, pre-prepared fastening material is used: racks, spacers, boards, beams, shields, crossbars, struts. When constructing a manhole, movement of rescuers and equipment along the top of the rubble is not allowed. |
After completing work on constructing a manhole and securing the passage, rescuers begin liberation of people. First of all, the condition of the victim and the degree of his injury are determined. Then the pressed or pinched parts of the body are released with the simultaneous application of tourniquets and compressive bandages, the oral and nasal cavities are cleaned, and small debris, debris, and rubble are removed from the victim by hand. Depending on the physical condition of the victim, the method of extraction and transportation is selected. At least two rescuers must free the victim from the rubble. If such an opportunity exists, then he is pulled out by the arms or the upper shoulder girdle. If this cannot be done, then rescuers place their hands under his shoulder girdle and lower back and only then carefully release the victim. Sometimes it is advisable to use a thick cloth to position the victim or stretcher. If the victim is under large and heavy elements of the blockage, then he is freed with the help of spreaders, jacks, and lifting equipment. In cases where the victim is pinned to the ground, he can be freed by digging.
