Textbook for universities. Textbook for universities Textbook for universities
The textbook discusses the basics of the theory, methodology and practice of graphic representation of a portrait in relation to the tasks of teaching future artists of decorative and applied arts. Rich illustrative material demonstrates a variety of graphic techniques and techniques.
The manual is addressed to students of universities that train artists of decorative and applied arts, as well as to everyone who is interested in fine arts.
Chapter I SCIENTIFIC PROVISIONS OF PORTRAIT GRAPHICS.
Any creative process is based on an objective study of nature, and knowledge of the scientific provisions of art forms the basis for the training of a future artist. As these provisions in the field of portrait graphics, one can name the laws of perspective, optics and color science, the laws of proportion
and plastic anatomy. Considering that most of these laws are quite fully set out in textbooks and teaching aids on academic drawing, the focus of this manual is on the geometry of spatial constructions, the principles of distribution of chiaroscuro and color in the image.
Introduction
Chapter I
1. Geometry of spatial constructions of portrait graphics
2. Chiaroscuro
3. Color and flavor
Chapter II. Portrait graphics in the history of art
1. Western European art of portraiture
2. Russian portrait graphics
3. Portrait graphics in the art of the countries of the Far East
Chapter III. Imagery in portraiture
1. The problem of the image in portrait images. Portrait subgenres
2. Ceremonial and epic portraits
3. Psychological and intimate portraits
4. Satirical and political portraits
Chapter IV. Expressive means of graphics in portrait images
1. Types of expressive means. Graphic elements
2. Line graphics
3. Line art
4. Spot graphics
5. Bitmaps
6. Images obtained using various compositions of graphic elements
7. Composition of portrait images
Chapter V. Portrait Drawings and Sketches
1. Portrait drawings
2. Portrait sketches
Chapter VI. Portrait graphics of the Soviet and post-Soviet times
1. Soviet portrait graphics of the first half of the 20th century
2. Russian portrait graphics of the second half of the 20th century
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Yu.B. Pushnova, N.I. Shelnova, D.G. Miroshnikova, N.G. Korshever, V.E. Vechkanov
Culturology
Tutorial for universities
Topic 1. The structure and composition of modern cultural knowledge
1. Definition of the term "culturology"
The word "culturology" is derived from the Latin. cultura (cultivation, upbringing, education, reverence) and the Greek term logos (concept, thought, mind).
There are two views on the question of the composition of cultural knowledge and cultural studies as a science.
The first denies the existence of cultural studies as a science, but rather recognizes the existing range of sciences about man, society and culture, united within the framework of an academic discipline, conditionally called "culturology". Some domestic culturologists admit that there is a university academic discipline - culturology, which is a system of scientific knowledge of the social and humanitarian profile: the history of culture, art history, philosophy, religious studies, psychology, and sociology. This academic discipline was introduced in learning programs domestic higher education in specific conditions, when there was a crisis of the Marxist system of social science, and it was intended mainly for students of non-humanitarian universities. Subsequently, the situation changed, political science, sociology, philosophy and economics acquired their own independent place and significance in the system of liberal education, and the acute need for the cultural studies subject decreased, although it did not disappear completely. Today, culturology in universities plays the role of propaedeutics of the disciplines of the social and humanitarian cycle. It provides students with basic theoretical and factual knowledge about culture, which secondary school graduates do not have at all. So, cultural studies as an independent science does not exist, however, there is culture as an object that is studied by a number of sciences, including sociology, anthropology, history, etc. This view is most typical for Western studies, where the study of cultural problems is carried out within the cultural ( social) anthropology, which retains its traditional affinity with ethnology and ethnography, but is increasingly oriented towards modern problems of sociocultural interaction and sociocultural dynamics (hence the noticeable predominance of applied research).
In Russia, the term “culturology”, proposed by the American researcher L. White in 1949, has taken root as the name of an integrative discipline that studies culture.
The essence of the second approach to the definition of cultural studies, its composition and structure is based on the understanding of cultural studies as an independent branch of scientific knowledge, which has its own object and subject of knowledge, its own methods and approaches. According to this view, more characteristic of Russia, cultural studies is the science of culture.
It studies various types, forms and results of being and human activity. At the same time, culture is understood as everything that is produced, socially assimilated and shared by all members of the human community. Culturology cognizes values, meanings, norms, with the help of which various forms of people's life activity are provided and without which an orderly life in a community is practically impossible. An important aspect of culturological research is the problems of the spiritual life of society, largely irrational (that is, based not on reason, but on instinct, intuition, feeling) states of the human spirit.
The object of study of cultural studies are:
1) the most general patterns of culture;
2) the principles of the functioning of culture in society;
3) interconnection, communication, dialogue of different cultures;
4) common trends in the cultural development of mankind.
Culturology is an independent field of social and humanitarian knowledge, the subject of which is culture, understood as:
1) the result of people's activity, which is realized in the products of material production;
2) installations that regulate the life of society, manifesting themselves in the customs, laws, norms and value orientations of people;
3) communication links between people that form special languages of interpersonal communication;
Culturology today includes a fairly wide range of disciplines that study culture in its infinitely diverse aspects using various methods. The structure of cultural studies is made up of three layers of sciences about culture:
1) anthropological, based primarily on ethnology, that is, a science that studies the composition, origin, and cultural and historical relations between the peoples of the world;
2) humanistic, including the whole complex of the so-called. sciences about the spirit (philosophy, philology, pedagogy, psychology, etc.);
3) sociological, where the determining factor is the study of modern mass culture, the methods of its production and functioning in society.
2. Goals and objectives of cultural studies
The goals and objectives of cultural studies as a science in this perspective are as follows: forecasting and designing the spiritual processes of social development; sociocultural impact analysis management decisions and calculation of applied technologies; the search for new methods of socialization (i.e., social formation) and inculturation (i.e., mastering the content of culture) of the human personality. The task of cultural studies as a scientific discipline is not only to provide reliable knowledge about national culture in order to determine one's identity in relation to it, but also to promote understanding of other cultures existing nearby and people with different views. Acquaintance with such cultures, understanding and interaction with them is the way to strengthen mutual tolerance, harmony in a culturally heterogeneous community of people.
Being organically inscribed in the circle of social sciences and humanities, cultural studies closely interacts with such sciences as: sociology, psychology, anthropology, history, philosophy, etc. Therefore, cultural studies are inherent in:
1) the ability to integrate social and humanitarian knowledge;
2) generalize the efforts of history, philosophy, linguistics, religious studies and other sciences to study the existence of man and society;
3) create a common theoretical base for the disciplines listed above.
Personalized in individuality and generalized by generations of people in their social experience, culturology is one of the forms of a person's awareness of his being. In this regard, this science and academic discipline is able to contribute to the development of the physical, material and social culture of people; overcoming the technocratic approach to the humanization and humanization of education and the harmonization of the development of the latter; neutralization of the anticulture operating in the developed countries of the world under the guise of youth counterculture.
Today, when indifference and loss of interest of generations to each other become a fact, when the traditional ways of transmitting culture from parents to children are being destroyed, which ultimately leads to the degradation of society as a whole, it is necessary not only to declare the values of culture. The time has come to teach culture just like any other academic discipline. This explains the demand for cultural studies in the system of higher education in Russia. Socio-scientific study of cultural problems for a long time existed within the same ethnographic tradition, balancing between descriptive ethnography as a source of research material, and emerging sociology as a source of scientific research methods. It was the rapid development of related disciplines that worked with cultural material - sociology, psychology, ethology, linguistics - as sources of hypotheses and methods; the history of culture, archeology, demography - as sources of material, determined the gradual formation of a range of research problems related specifically to culture, and, accordingly, the formation of research practice and discipline adequate to these problems.
3. A. Flier on the development of cultural knowledge
Despite the total predominance of humanities research in Russia (due to the previous period of development of domestic science), the importance of social and scientific knowledge of precisely the cultural aspects of social life and the need for relevant research are becoming increasingly significant. The authoritative domestic culturologist A. Ya. Flier offers his own integrative view on the problem of the composition and structure of cultural knowledge. He speaks of cultural studies as a science "formed at the intersection of social and humanitarian knowledge about man and society and studying culture as an integrity, as a specific function and modality of human existence."
The book reflects the theoretical foundations of the course administrative law, highlights the issues of administrative coercion, administrative offense, punishment and responsibility. The educational material is clearly structured, reflects both traditional and modern approaches to the study of the subject, is written in an understandable form. The book includes all the necessary sections for reviewing and organizing course materials before taking the exam.
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A family role structure is created to meet family-related needs.
The family structure and functions of the family naturally develop.
Psychological family counseling helps to harmonize and meet the needs of the family, optimize the family structure and promote the development of the family.
The need for family counseling increases as the family moves from one stage of development to another.
The periodization of family development can be determined by the totality of relationships associated with the family and their significance.
At each stage of family development, there are specific tasks, without which it is impossible to move on to a new stage.
"normal- abnormal family";
"perfect- real family.
My wife doesn't take anyone," he muttered sullenly.
I won't stop her.
She doesn't accept anyone.- he said again, and a sound like a growl escaped his throat...
This is my house, he said.- I will not allow you to interfere in my affairs. I have already told you, and I repeat once again: we do not accept.
FAMILY PSYCHOLOGIES
AND FAMILY COUNSELING
Under the general editorship of N.N. Posysoeva
Approved by the Ministry of Education
Russian Federation as a teaching aid
for university students educational institutions, students
in specialties 031000 "Pedagogy and psychology",
031300 "Social Pedagogy"
UDC 159.922.1(075.8) BVK 88.37ya73 O 75
Zhedunova L.G.: chapter 6, Mozharovskaya I.A.: chapter 1 (paragraphs 1.1,1.2,1.7 - together with Posysoev N.N.); Posysoev N.N.: chapter 1 (paragraphs 1.1., 1.2., 1.7), chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5 (together with Yurasova E.N.), chapter 7, Yurasova E.N.: chapter 1 (paragraph 1.6), chapter 2, chapter 5
Reviewers:
Director of the Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after I.I. K.D. Ushinsky, professor, doctor ped. Sciences M.I. Rozhkov;
professor at Yaroslavl State University named after I.I. P.G. Demidova, Doctor of Psychology MM. Kashapov
Basics family psychology and family counseling:
About 75 Proc. allowance for students. higher studies, institutions / Under the total. ed.
N.N. Posysoeva. - M.: Publishing house VLADOS-PRESS, 2004. - 328 p.
ISBN 5-305-00113-7.
The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions specializing in psychology and social pedagogy. It reveals the basic psychological patterns of marriage and family as a special space of life. The basic principles and approaches to family counseling as a living developing system are systematized. The main phenomena Problems family relations are considered in the logic of the deployment of the life phases of family development from premarital courtship to late maturity.
UDC 159.922.1(075.8) BBK 88.37ya73
© OOO VLADOS-PRESS Publishing House, 2004
© Series "Textbook for universities" and serial design.
OOO Publishing House VLADOS-PRESS, 2004 © Artwork. OOO Publishing House
VLADOS-PRESS", 2004 ISBN 5-305-00113-7 ® Layout. LLC "Publishing house VLADOS-PRESS", 2004
Educational edition
Zhedunova Lyudmila Grigoryevna, Mozharovskaya Irina Aleksandrovna, Posysoev Nikolai Nikolaevich, Yurasova Elena Nikolaevna
Textbook for students of higher educational institutions
Editor N.V. Menshchikov; cover artist About A. Filonova; layout and layout HE. Emelyanova; corrector THEN. Kudinova
Printed from transparencies made by VLADOS-PRESS Publishing House LLC.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4
CHAPTER 1
FAMILY AS AN OBJECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND IMPACT 4
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTENT OF THE CONCEPT "FAMILY" 5
2. FAMILY AS A SPACE FOR LIFE 6
3. FAMILY AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION AND A SMALL GROUP 11
The relationship between the concepts of "marriage" and "family" 11
Family as a social institution 13
Family as a small group 14
4. FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY 16
5. TYPES OF FAMILY 23
6. MODERN TRENDS IN FAMILY DEVELOPMENT 41
7. ETHNIC AND CONFESSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN FAMILIES 48
Security questions 55
Literature 56
CHAPTER 2
FAMILY LIFE CYCLE 58
1. GENERAL CONCEPTS 58
Definition of the concept of "family life cycle".
stages life cycle 58
Family development goals. Parenting stages 60
2. STAGE OF PREMARITAL COURT 61
Developmental Challenges in Premarital Courtship 61
Psychology of falling in love and love 65
Motives for choosing a marriage partner 74
3. YOUNG FAMILY 75
Formation of intra-family communication 75
Marriage agreement - psychological content 81
The main types of marriage scenarios 82
Types of psychological relationships in marriage 84
Types of sexual relations in marriage 87
4. FAMILY WITH A SMALL CHILD 88
Preparing the family for the birth of a child 88
First pregnancy crisis 89
Changes in the family due to the birth of a child 95
5. MATURE FAMILY 98
Psychological problems of mature marriage 98
Changing relationships with children 99
Changing relationship between spouses.
Psychology of betrayal, jealousy 103
Changing relationships with grandparents 108
6. FAMILY WITH ADULT CHILDREN (LEAVING CHILDREN FROM THE FAMILY) 110
Reconstruction of marital relations 110
Features of intra-family communication with adult children 114
Mastering new family roles - grandparents 115
7. MARRIAGE IN OLD AGE 116
Changes in family life due to retirement 116
Reaction to the Death of a Spouse and Living a Widow 116
Security questions 118
Literature 118
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM FAMILY 120
1. DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT "PROBLEM FAMILY" 120
2. FAMILY WITH A SICK CHILD 121
3. FAMILY WITH DISTURBED FAMILY COMMUNICATION 122
4. FAMILY IS A DISHARMONIOUS UNION. 123
5. FAMILY IN DIVORCE 126
6. INCOMPLETE FAMILY 129
7. FAMILY OF ALCOHOLICS 130
8. Remarriage 131
Security questions 133
Literature 133
CHAPTER 4
CHILD IN THE FAMILY. IMPACT OF DISTURBED FAMILY RELATIONS ON THE MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD 134
1. TYPES OF FAMILY EDUCATION 134
2. PARENT DIRECTIVES 137
3. ROLES OF THE CHILD IN THE FAMILY 140
4. MATERNAL DEPRIVATION 141
5. PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS FOR THE FORMATION OF A NEUROTIC CHILD 142
6. METHODS FOR STUDYING PARENTAL POSITIONS AND MOTIVES OF FAMILY EDUCATION 145
Security questions 148
Literature 148
CHAPTER 5
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL WORK WITH THE FAMILY 149
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL WORK WITH CHILDREN 150
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL WORK WITH PARENTS 153
3. WORK OF A SOCIAL TEACHER WITH THE FAMILY 157
Security questions 158
Literature 159
CHAPTER 6
FUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY COUNSELING 159
1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FAMILY COUNSELING 159
2. PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL 163
3. BEHAVIORAL MODEL 165
4. SYSTEM APPROACH 167
Structural School 167
Gestalt approach 170
Model based on experience 173
Security questions 178
Literature 178
CHAPTER 7
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING THE PROBLEM FIELD OF THE FAMILY 179
1. SCHEME OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILY AS A SYSTEM 179
2. METHODS OF DIAGNOSTICS OF FAMILY RELATIONS 181
Genogram 182
Projective test "Family drawing" 188
3. FAMILY CARD 190
Control tasks 191
Literature 191
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, interest in the family of specialists in various fields of scientific knowledge, both theoreticians and practitioners, has increased significantly. In essence, the family is currently a field of multidisciplinary research. Interest in it is connected with the role it plays in the process of formation and development of the individual, and, consequently, the present and future society as a whole. Possessing stability and even some rigidity, the family nevertheless reacts very sensitively to the socio-economic and political processes taking place in society through changes in the system of intra-family relations. The increase in the number of problem families during transitional, crisis periods of social development illustrates this dependence.
Supporting the family and strengthening its educational potential requires specialists working with the family to have deep systemic knowledge, the ability to determine the points of application of professional efforts, to find adequate means and ways of interacting with it. The textbook for future psychologists and social educators systematizes various domestic and foreign approaches to understanding the patterns of functioning and development of the family, as well as methods of psychological and pedagogical work with it. Working on the manual, the authors tried to give a holistic view of the family as a subject of psychological analysis and psychological and pedagogical practice. The central idea underlying it is to consider the family as a special system characterized by a certain cyclical process of formation and development, as well as a special space within which a person lives various emotionally significant events and carries out creative activities for the reproduction of life.
The manual consists of seven chapters, each of which reveals the content of a separate aspect of the psychological analysis of the family and describes a certain area of psychological and pedagogical influence on the family.
Due to the fact that Russia is a multinational state, one of the paragraphs is devoted to the peculiarities of the existence and functioning of the family, due to ethnic and confessional factors.
A separate chapter is devoted to a relatively new field of activity for domestic specialists - psychological counseling of the family. It also examines the approaches of the main psychological schools to working with families, including the experience of Russian psychologists.
The last chapter is devoted to the means of psychological and pedagogical diagnosis of the problem field of the family and ways to work with it. It proposes methods and technologies used at various stages of work with the family, which can be used to develop the practical skills of future specialists.
At the end of each chapter, there are questions for discussion and a list of recommended readings for a deeper study of this topic.
CHAPTER 1
FAMILY AS AN OBJECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND IMPACT
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTENT OF THE CONCEPT "FAMILY"
There are a lot of definitions of the family in the scientific literature, and many definitions have entered the public consciousness so long ago that it is difficult to establish the authorship of these definitions.
The family is defined as a social institution, as a cell of society, as a small group of relatives living together and leading a common household. However, the psychological approach to understanding the family (as opposed to, for example, sociological and economic approaches) has its own specifics. Within this approach The family is considered as a space of joint life activity, within which the specific needs of people connected by blood and family ties are satisfied. This space is a fairly complex structure, consisting of various kinds of elements (roles, positions, coalitions, etc.) and a system of relationships between its members. So the structure exists in accordance with the laws of a living organism, therefore it has a natural dynamics, passing through a number of phases and stages in its development.
From the point of view of a well-known family psychologist G. Navaitis, the definition of the psychological essence of the family should be correlated with the goals of family research and the goals of the psychologist's interaction with the family. G. Navaitis discusses the concept of the family, which is advisable to explore when counseling a family by a psychologist. He proposes to introduce the concept of a family as a small group that receives professional psychological assistance from specialists. The content of the concept of "family" revealed through a series of provisions.
A family- a group that satisfies the needs of its members. These needs are most successfully satisfied in the unique interaction of specific people.
The main feature of family interaction is to combine the satisfaction of various needs.
Within the framework of the second scale, the concept "perfect family" defined as the normative model of the family, which is accepted by society and reflected in collective ideas and culture, mainly religious.
Rice. 1. Scheme of psychological studies of real families
This, in particular, means that the psychological structure of the normative Orthodox family (the structure includes features of the distribution of power, responsibility and emotional closeness between father, mother and children) differs significantly from the structure of Catholic, Protestant and Muslim families. Types of ideal families are studied mainly by culturologists. Under real family a specific family is understood as a real group and an object of study. Druzhinin emphasizes that when mentioning the family as the subject of research, it is necessary to clearly understand what type of family it is. In this way, psychologists study real families in terms of their deviation from the norm.
This can be illustrated in Figure 1, where the circle represents graphic image space of psychological research.
2. FAMILY AS A SPACE FOR LIFE
In science, the word "life" used in various meanings. It denotes all organic (living) nature, in contrast to inorganic (non-living) nature. Life, being the opposite of death, is the totality of all processes of human life.
The realization that life can be defined in relation to a person, and specifically - with a personality, came at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. This realization is connected with the philosophy of individualism.
It is then that the concept appears and is legally fixed. "private life". Illustrating this phenomenon, the author refers to the fiction of that time, mentioning, in particular, the novel D. Galsworthy"The Forsyte Saga".
This novel is a kind of chronicle of one English family for several generations. Births, marriages, divorces, funerals, transactions become a private affair of this family clan, strictly separated from the life of "others". A typical representative of the family is Some Forsyth. His family tragedy is the irreparable tragedy of a man who does not arouse the love of his wife and understands this. The wife suffers because of the death of her lover - and all the behavior of Soames Forsyth in this situation is determined only by the desire to tightly close the doors of his house in order to resolve the dramatic family situation.
... And suddenly he saw that the door of his house was open and on the threshold, blackening against the backdrop of the illuminated hall, with his back to him, was a man. His heart trembled, he quietly approached the entrance.
And he asked sharply:
-What do you want, sir?
The stranger turned around. It was young Jolyon. “The door was open,” he said. - May I see your wife? I have an assignment for her.
Soma looked sideways at him.
Ageeva R.A. What kind of tribe are we? Peoples of Russia: names and fates: a dictionary / R.A. Ageeva. - M.: Academy, 2000. 424 p.
Book 2 authors
Davydov Yu.N. Sociology of counterculture. Infantilism as a type of worldview and a social disease / Yu.N. Davydov, I.B. Rodnyanskaya. - M.: Nauka, 1980.
Book 3 authors
Agafonova N.N. Civil law: textbook. allowance for universities) N.N. Agafonov, T.V. Bogacheva, L.I. Glushakov; under. total ed. A.G. Kalpin. - Ed. 2nd, revised. and additional - M.: Jurist, 2002. - 542 p.
Book by more than 3 authors
Culture: theory and problems: textbook. allowance / T.F. Kuznetsova [i dr.]. - M.: Nauka, 1995.
Book without an author, edited
Story bourgeois sociology of the first half of the XX century / ed. ed. L.G. Ionin, G.V. Osipov. - M.: Nauka, 1979.
Forging and stamping: Ref. / ed. E.V. Semenov. - M.: Mashinostroenie, 1985. - 568 p.
Guidelines
coursework design of load-lifting machines and machines of continuous transport: method. instructions / comp. M.F. Politov. - Perm: publishing house Perm. state tech. un-ta, 2007. - 45 p.
Article from the collection
Dvinyaninova S.G. Compliment: Communicative status or strategy in discourse / G.S. Dvinyaninova // Social power of language: Sat. scientific tr. - Voronezh, 2001. - S. 101-106.
Magazine article
Petrovsky K.S. Russian tourist / K.S. Petrovsky, A.P. Rodin // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects. - 2003. - No. 12. - S. 3-10.
Newspaper article
Ivanov O. Culture of modern Russia: a view from the provinces / O. Ivanov // Culture. - 2000. - No. 5. - S. 3.
Standards
GOST R 517721-2001. The equipment is radio-electronic household. Input and output parameters and connection types. Technical requirements. - Input. 2002-01-01. M .: Gosstandart of Russia: Publishing house of standards, 2001. - No., 27 p.
Patent Documents
A.s. 1007970 USSR, MKI3 V 25 J 15/00. Device for gripping non-oriented parts such as shafts / V.S. Vaulin, V.G. Keymakin (USSR). - No. 3360585/25-08; dec. 11/23/81; publ. 30.03.83, Bull. No. 12. - 2p.: ill.
