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What operations can be performed with files. File Operations

Before you start working on your PC, you should create a folder structure for saving files.

A folder is always created in the folder window in which it will be located. To create a folder, follow these steps:

  1. Open the folder window in which the new folder will be created.
  2. In an empty area of ​​the window, right-click and select New - Folder.
  3. Using the keyboard, enter the name of the folder to be created.

Creating files

Typically files are created using application programs(MS Word, MS Excel, etc.). However, some types of files can be created without running the corresponding program.

The file is created in the window of the folder in which it will be located. To create a file, follow these steps:

  1. Open a window for the folder in which the file will be created.
  2. In an empty area of ​​the window, right-click and execute the New command and select the desired file type in the submenu that appears.
  3. Using the keyboard, enter the name of the file to be created.
  4. Double-click the left mouse button in an empty area of ​​the window.

Renaming folders and files

To rename a folder or file, follow these steps:

  1. Right-click on the object icon and execute the Rename command.
  2. Double-click the left mouse button in an empty area of ​​the window.
  1. Open a window for the folder in which the object to be renamed is located.
  2. Perform two or three single left-clicks on the object name so that the cursor begins to blink in the name field.
  3. Using the keyboard, enter a new object name.
  4. Double-click the left mouse button in an empty area of ​​the window.

Moving and copying folders and files

Moving and copying folders and files can be done by two fundamentally different methods: dragging and dragging and using the clipboard.

When moving and copying objects by towing, follow these steps:

  1. If necessary, place windows on the screen so that both are visible at the same time.
  2. When moving - tow (drag) an object icon from the window of one folder to the window of another folder.
  3. When copying - drag (drag) the object icon from the window of one folder to the window of another folder while pressing the key.

Moving and copying folders and files can also be done by dragging objects with the right mouse button. In this case, after completing towing, it is necessary to context menu select the required command: Move or Copy.

When moving and copying objects using the clipboard, follow these steps:

  1. Open a window for the folder from which the object will be moved or copied.
  2. When moving, select the object being moved and move it to the clipboard in one of the following ways:
  • When copying, select the object to be copied and copy it to the clipboard in one of the following ways:
  • Open a window for the folder into which the object will be moved or copied.
  • Paste an object from the clipboard using one of the following methods:

    • Copying folders and files to floppy disks can be done in another way. To do this, right-click on the object icon and execute the command Send - Disk 3.5 (A:).

    Deleting folders and files

    Deleting folders and files can be done in several ways.

    For the first method, follow these steps:

    1. Select the object icon and press a key on the keyboard.

    For the second method, follow these steps:

    1. Right-click on the object icon and execute the Delete command.
    2. In the window that appears, click Yes.

    With the third method, you should drag the icon of the object to be deleted onto the Desktop to the Trash icon.

    Recovering deleted folders and files. Setting up your cart

    Deleted folders and files are usually not destroyed, but placed in a special “Trash” folder.

    To restore accidentally or by mistake deleted folders and files, follow these steps:

    1. Right-click on the icon of the object to be restored and execute the Restore command.

    In this case, the folder or file will be restored to the same folder from which it was deleted.

    To restore a deleted object in any arbitrary folder, you should move it to the desired folder using one of the methods described above.

    It should be noted that folders and files deleted from a floppy disk are not placed in a special “Trash” folder and, therefore, cannot be restored.

    To avoid problems when restoring folders and files, you should check and, if necessary, change the settings for the special “Trash” folder. To do this, right-click on the icon of the special “Trash” folder and execute the Properties command.

    Rice. 8. Properties dialog box: Recycle Bin

    In the Properties: Recycle Bin dialog box (Fig. 8), you should pay attention to the absence of a checkmark against the command Destroy files immediately after deletion, without placing them in the Recycle Bin. If such a mark is set, restore deleted files will be impossible. In the same dialog box, you can configure the maximum basket volume. The recommended volume is 10... 15% of the hard drive size.

    1. Open the special “Trash” folder.
    2. Right-click on the icon of the object to be deleted and execute the Delete command.
    3. In the window that appears, click Yes.

    In the second case, follow these steps:

    1. Right-click on the “Trash” icon of the object and execute the Empty Trash command.
    2. In the window that appears, click Yes.

    If desired, files and folders can be deleted without placing them in the Recycle Bin. To do this, you can use any deletion method, but any of them must be performed while holding down the keyboard key.

    Actions with groups of folders and files

    You can move, copy and delete not only individual folders and files, but also groups of folders and files. You can only group files and folders located in the same window. To combine files and folders into a group, you need to select them.

    To select all folders and files in a window, the easiest way is to use the Edit - Select All command.

    To select folders and files located in a window one after another, you must first select the first object from the group, and then select the last object while pressing the keyboard key.

    When selecting an arbitrary group of folders and files, select them while pressing the keyboard key.

    When selecting all folders and files in a window, except some, you should first select the objects that cannot be selected, and then execute the command Edit - Invert Selection.

    The selected group of files can be moved, copied, deleted using any of the methods described above.

    Search folders and files

    To search for a folder or file on your PC, open Home Windows menu and execute the command Search - Folders and Files.

    The search is performed in the Find: All files window (Fig. 9). Folders and files can be searched based on the following criteria:

    You can search by any one characteristic or by all characteristics at the same time. The search result can be several objects.

    From the search window, files can be moved, copied, deleted using any of the methods described above

    Create and use shortcuts

    A shortcut is a special kind of file intended for quick opening other files, folders and program launches. Shortcuts are usually placed on the Desktop.

    To create a shortcut, follow these steps:

    1. Open the window of the folder in which the object for which the shortcut is being created is located.
    2. Drag an object to the Desktop while pressing the right mouse button.
    3. After towing, in the context menu that appears, execute the Create shortcut(s) command.

    The shortcut can be renamed like a regular file.

    If desired, you can change the shortcut icon. To do this, follow these steps:

    1. Right-click on the shortcut icon and select Properties.
    2. In the Properties:... dialog box, go to the Shortcut tab.
    3. In the tab, click the Change icon button.
    4. In the Change Icon dialog box, select the desired icon.
    5. In the Change Icon dialog box, click OK.
    6. In the Properties:... dialog box, click OK.

    Double-clicking the left mouse button on a shortcut icon opens the window of the object for which this shortcut was created.

    Renaming, changing the shortcut icon, copying, moving and even deleting it has no effect on the object for which it was created. On the contrary, renaming or moving an object may cause the shortcut to not work properly. Deleting an object for which a shortcut was created makes the shortcut completely inoperable.

    Archiving files

    Archiving is the process of reducing the size of files to make them easier to store and move. Archiving is done using special programs-archivers. Among the numerous archiver programs, WinZip has recently become the most popular. This program is not included in standard programs Windows and must be pre-installed on your computer.

    When archiving files, a new file is created, which is called an archive file. An archive file contains one or more compressed files.

    To create an archive file, follow these steps:

    1. Select files to be archived.
    2. Right-click on the selected icons and execute the Add to Zip command.
    3. In the Add window, in the Add to Archive field, enter the name of the archive file to be created.
    4. In the Action drop-down list, you can select how files will be placed in the archive: Add (adding, copying) or Move (moving).
    5. In the Compression drop-down list, you can select the degree of file compression.
    6. In the Add window, click the Add or Move button, depending on the selected method for storing files in the archive.
    7. Close the WinZip program window.

    To add files to an existing archive, drag the icon onto the archive file icon.

    To extract files from an archive, the easiest way is to open the archive file and drag the extracted file from the archive file window to the desired folder window.

    2 In Windows 95/98, almost all actions can be performed in different ways. In this textbook Only the most common and convenient options for actions using windows in the special “My Computer” folder are given.

    4 When copying objects to a folder on another logical drive, you do not need to hold down the (Ctrl) key.

    5 To search for a file named Letter to ZAO Zarya.doc, just specify the name letter.

    6 The search can be carried out for the last period (several days or months) or for a specific period (from one date to another date).

    7 The terms “compression”, “packaging” are also used.

    Set of file operations

    The OS file system must provide users with a set of operations for working with files, formatted as system calls. Different operating systems have different sets of file operations. The most common system calls for working with files are [ 13 , 17 ]:

    1. Create. The file is created without data. This system call announces the arrival of a new file and allows you to set some of its attributes;
    2. Delete. Unnecessary file deleted to free up disk space;
    3. Olien (opening). Before using a file, you must open it. This call allows you to read file attributes and a list of disk addresses for quick access to the file contents;
    4. Close Once operations with a file are complete, its attributes and disk addresses are no longer needed. The file should be closed to free up space in the internal table;
    5. Read (reading). The file is read from the current position. The process running the file must specify (open) a buffer and the amount of data to read;
    6. Write (record). Data is written to the file at the current position. If it is at the end of the file, its size automatically increases. IN otherwise recording is made over existing data;
    7. Append (adding). This is a truncated form of the previous call. The data is appended to the end of the file;
    8. Seek (search). This system call sets the file pointer to a specific position;
    9. Get attributes. For processes to work with files, it may be extremely important to obtain their attributes;
    10. Set attributes. This call allows you to set the necessary attributes for a file after it has been created;
    11. Rename. This system call allows you to change the file name. In this case, this action can be performed by copying the file. For this reason, this system call is not necessary;
    12. Execute. Using this system call, the file can be executed.

    Let's look at examples of file operations in Windows 2000 and UNIX. Like other operating systems, Windows 2000 has its own set of system calls that it can perform. However, Microsoft has never published a list of system Windows calls Moreover, she constantly changes them from one issue to another. Instead, Microsoft defined a set of function calls called the Win 32 API (Win 32 Application Programming Interface). These calls are published and fully documented. Οʜᴎ are library procedures that either make system calls to do the required work or do it directly in user space.

    The philosophy of the Win 32 API is to provide a comprehensive interface, with the ability to fulfill the same requirement in several (three or four) ways. In UNIX OS, all system calls form a minimal interface: removing even one of them will reduce the functionality of the OS.

    Many API calls create kernel objects of one type or another (files, processes, threads, pipes, etc.). Each call that creates an object returns a result called a handle (a small integer) to the calling process. The handle is used subsequently to perform operations on objects. It must not be passed on to or used by another process. However, under certain circumstances, the handle must be duplicated and passed to another process in a secure manner, which gives the second process controlled access to an object owned by the first process. Each object is associated with a security descriptor that describes who can and cannot perform what actions on that object.

    The main functions of the Win 32 API for file I/O and the corresponding UNIX OS system calls are given below.

    The situation is similar to file operations with directory management operations. The main Win 32 API functions and UNIX system calls for directory management are listed below.

    Methods for performing file operations

    Most often, the user performs not one, but a sequence of operations with the same file. Regardless of the set of these operations, it is extremely important for the operating system to perform a number of constant (universal) actions for all operations.

    1. Using the symbolic file name, find its characteristics, which are stored in the file system on disk.
    2. Copy the characteristics into RAM, since only in this case program code can use them.
    3. Based on the file characteristics, check the user's rights to perform the requested operation.
    4. Clear the memory area allocated for temporary storage of file characteristics.

    At the same time, each operation includes a number of actions unique to it, for example, reading a certain set of disk clusters, deleting a file, changing its attributes, etc.

    The OS can perform a sequence of actions on files in two ways (see Fig. rice. 7.22).

    1. For each operation, both universal and unique actions are performed. Such a scheme is sometimes called a stateless scheme.
    2. All universal actions are performed at the beginning and end of a sequence of operations, and for each intermediate operation only unique actions are performed.

    Rice. 7.22. Options for performing a sequence of actions on files

    The vast majority of file systems support the second method, as it is more economical and faster. Moreover, the first method is more resistant to system failures, since each operation is self-sufficient and does not depend on the result of the previous one. For this reason, the first method is sometimes used in distributed networks. file systems when failures due to packet loss or failure of one of the network nodes are more likely than when local access to the data.

    In the second method, two special system calls are introduced into the FS: open and close. The first is performed before the start of any sequence of operations with the file, and the second - after finishing working with the file.

    The main purpose of the open call is to convert the symbolic file name into its unique numeric name, copying the file characteristics from the disk area to the buffer random access memory and checking the user's rights to perform the requested operation. Calling close frees the file's buffer and makes it impossible to continue operations on the file without reopening it.

    Here are some examples of system calls for working with files. The UNIX create system call takes two arguments: the symbolic name of the file to open and the security mode. So team

    fd = create("abc", mode);

    creates a file abc with the protection mode specified in the mode variable. The mode bits determine who can access the files and the level of access they are granted. The create system call not only creates a new file, but also opens it for writing. To allow subsequent system calls to access the file, a successful create system call returns a small non-negative integer - the file descriptor - fd. If a system call is executed on an existing file, the length of that file is reduced to 0 and all contents are lost.

    To read data from existing file or write data to it, the file must first be opened using the open system call with two arguments: the symbolic name of the file and the mode of opening the file (for writing, reading, or both), for example

    fd = open("file", how);

    System calls create and open return the smallest unused in this moment file descriptor. When a program begins execution in the standard manner, files with descriptors 0, 1, and 2 are already open to standard input, standard output, and standard error.

    The C language standard does not have I/O facilities. All input/output operations are implemented using functions contained in the language library supplied as part of the C programming system. The standard input stream is referenced through the stdin pointer, the output stream is stdout, and the error message stream is stderr. By default, the stdin input stream is assigned to the keyboard, and the stdout and stderr streams are assigned to the display screen.

    For input/output of data using standard streams, the C library defines the following functions:

    • getchar()/putchar() – I/O separate character;
    • gets ()/ puts () – line input/output;
    • scanf ()/ printf () – input/output in data formatting mode.

    A process can at any time organize data input from the standard input file by executing a symbolic call:

    read(stdin, buffer, nbyts);

    The output to standard file output

    write(stdout, buffer, nbytes).

    When working in Windows 2000, you can use the CreateFile function to create a file and get a handle to it. The same function should be used to open an existing file, since the Win 32 API does not have a special File Open function. Function parameters are usually numerous; for example, the CreateFile function has seven parameters:

    1. a pointer to the name of the file to be created or opened;
    2. flags (bits) indicating whether the file can be read, written, or both;
    3. flags indicating whether a given file can be opened simultaneously by multiple processes;
    4. a pointer to the security descriptor, a message about who can access the file;
    5. flags that tell you what to do if the file exists or, conversely, does not exist;
    6. flags controlling archiving, compression, etc.;
    7. a file descriptor whose attributes should be cloned for the new file,

    Fd = CreateFile("data", GENERIC_READ, O, NULL, OPEN_EXSTING, O, NULL).

    Copy and move

    • 1 way. Place two windows on the desktop: a copy source and a copy destination. Select the required icons in the source window. Several icons are highlighted when the Ctrl key is pressed. Drag the selected icons into the destination window with the mouse, pointing at any of the selected icons. When the Ctrl key is pressed simultaneously, copying occurs; without it, elements are moved (provided that the folders are on the same disk). excel print file archiving
    • Method 2. Select the elements to be copied. Select the Edit/Copy (Cut) menu. Selecting "Cut" will cause movement. Open the destination folder. Select the Edit / Paste menu.

    Deleting files and folders

    Deleting files is done by selecting elements and pressing the Delete key. In this case, the marked items are moved to a special folder - Trash. Emptying the Recycle Bin destroys files. There is also an operation for erasing files, when special utilities fill the clusters that contained the erased files with random data.

    Group operations with files

    If you want to perform a copy or delete operation from big amount files at the same time, then selecting them while holding Ctrl is not very convenient. You can select a whole group of consecutive icons by clicking on the first one and, while holding down the Shift key, on the last one. However, in this case, you need to arrange the icons in a certain way. To do this, open the folder with the files and go to the View/Arrange Icons menu. There are 4 ways to organize icons in a folder: by name, by type, by size, by date. For example, you need to copy all files with the extension .txt. In this case, you should organize the icons by type, after which all files of type .txt will be grouped together and use the Shift key to select them. A similar technique is used to select “old” files (organized by date), “small” files (organized by size) and in other standard situations.

    If the window does not show complete information about the files (extension, size and creation date), you should go to the window menu of the View / Table folder and all the file characteristics will be displayed in the window.

    Renaming files and folders.

    Renaming a file or folder is performed either through the Rename menu, called up by right-clicking on the corresponding icon, or by clicking on the name of the selected icon.

    Comment. Deleting or renaming is not possible if the specified file is already open by an application.

    Archiving is the recoding of data in order to reduce its volume. Data compression is a procedure for recoding data performed in order to reduce its volume. Used for more rational use of data storage and transmission devices.

    Compression can be lossless (when it is possible to restore the original data without distortion) or lossy (recovery is possible with distortions that are barely noticeable to the human eye or ear). Lossless compression is commonly used in processing computer programs and data, less often - to reduce the volume of audio, photo and video information. Lossy compression is used to reduce the volume of audio, photo and video information; it is much more effective than lossless compression. Compression is based on eliminating redundant information contained in the source data. An example of redundancy is the repetition of fragments (for example, words of natural or machine language) in the text. Such redundancy is usually eliminated by replacing the repeated sequence with a shorter value (code). Another type of redundancy is due to the fact that some values ​​in the compressed data occur more often than others, and it is possible to replace frequently occurring data with shorter codes, and rare ones with longer ones (probabilistic compression). Compression of data that does not have redundancy properties (for example, random signal or noise), is impossible without losses. Also, it is usually not possible to compress encrypted information.

    When storing data, two problems are solved: how to store data in the most compact form and how to provide convenient and quick access to it (if access is not provided, then this is not storage). To ensure access, the data must have an ordered structure. This generates address data. Without them, it is impossible to access the necessary data elements included in the structure.

    Since address data also has a size and must also be stored, storing data in small units such as bytes is inconvenient. They are also inconvenient to store in larger units (kilobytes, megabytes, etc.), since partially filling one storage unit leads to storage inefficiency.

    The unit of data storage is a variable-length object called a file.

    A file is a sequence of an arbitrary number of bytes with a unique name of its own.

    Usually in separate file store data belonging to the same type. In this case, the data type determines the file type.

    Since there is no size limit in the file definition, one can imagine a file having 0 bytes ( empty file), and a file having any number of bytes.

    When defining a file, special attention is paid to the name. It actually carries address data, without which the data stored in the file will not become information due to the lack of a method to access it. In addition to addressing-related functions, a file name can also store information about the type of data contained in it. This is important for automatic data manipulation tools because, based on the file name, they can automatically determine the appropriate method for extracting information from the file.

    The file name consists of two parts: the actual name and the file extension.

    The actual file name can consist of letters of the Russian and English alphabets, numbers and special characters. However, its length should not exceed 256 characters.

    Depending on the extension, all files are divided into two large groups: executable and non-executable.

    Executable files are files that can be executed independently, that is, they do not require any special programs to run them. They have the following extensions:

    • - exe - file ready for execution (tetris.exe; winword.exe);
    • - com - file operating system(command.com);
    • - sys - operating system file (Io.sys);
    • - bat - batch file operating system MS-DOS (autoexec.bat).

    Non-executable files require the installation of special programs to run. So, for example, in order to view Text Document, requires the presence of some text editor. By the extension of a non-executable file you can judge the type of data stored in this file. You can combine several files into one using the cat(1) utility, short for "concatenate". This utility was originally designed to combine multiple text files into one, but can be used for other purposes.

    To combine two or more files into one, you simply list the files after the cat command and redirect the output to the new file. The cat utility works on standard input and output, so you must use shell characters for redirection. For example: $ cat file1 file2 file3 > bigfile

    This command will take the contents of files file1, file2 and file3 and merge them into a bigfile.

    The cat utility is also used to view the contents of files. Many users use cat to view text files, specifying the filename, and then pass the output through more or less:

    $ cat file1 | more

    cat is also often used to copy files. Any file can be copied by running:

    $ cat /bin/bash > ~/mybash

    The /bin/bash file will be copied to your home directory under the name mybash.

    The examples discussed here are just a few of the possible uses of cat. Because cat provides extensive control over standard input and output, it is ideal for scripting and for use as part of more complex commands.

    Computer objects Questions and assignments, Informatics 6th grade Bosova Questions and assignments, Informatics 6th grade Bosova answers to questions, Informatics 6th grade Bosova GDZ, Informatics 6th grade Bosova answers

    Exercise 1
    What is a file?
    Solution
    A file is an area on a storage device of some kind that contains logically combined information and is named by a specific name.

    Task 2
    What parts does a file name consist of?
    Solution
    The file name consists of two parts separated by a dot:
    a) name - to the point;
    b) expansion - after.

    Task 3
    What rules should you follow when writing a file name?
    Solution
    It is better to name the file in Latin letters, using no more than 9 characters.

    Task 4
    Describe the disk file storage system.
    Solution
    Each disk is divided into two areas - a file storage area and a directory. The directory contains the name of the file and an indication of where it begins on disk. If we draw an analogy between a disk and a book, the file storage area corresponds to its contents, and the directory corresponds to the table of contents. Moreover, a book consists of pages, and a disk consists of sectors.

    Task 5
    What actions can you perform with files?
    Solution
    The file can be: opened, scanned for viruses, renamed, copied, sent by mail, deleted.

    Task 6
    What actions should I avoid when working with files?
    Solution
    1) delete the file without clearly determining whether this should be done;
    2) give the file a name that does not explain its contents;
    3) save the file in a folder where it will be difficult to find later;
    4) delete or move files located in application program folders - this may cause the programs to stop working.

    Task 7
    Name the properties of the operating system object "Desktop".
    Solution
    1) icons and labels Windows objects;
    2) windows open applications;
    3) the taskbar containing the "Start" button, the display panel and a number of desktop toolbars;
    4) the Desktop background, containing a uniform background, background image or active elements of the Desktop. As you work, there may be additional objects on the Desktop: folder windows, dialog boxes, application windows, etc.

    Task 8
    One of the actions in the operating system object's context menu is always highlighted in bold. What action is this? Why was it chosen? How can I perform this action without a context menu?
    Solution
    In the context menu of an operating system object, the Open action is always highlighted in bold. This action was selected because the system considers this action to be the most likely to be performed by this object. This action without a context menu can be performed by clicking the left mouse button.

    Task 9
    As you know, actions on the main objects of the operating system can be performed in several ways: using menu commands; using toolbar buttons that duplicate menu commands; using context menu commands; using Drag&Drop technology. Why do you think so many methods are needed? Why didn't the developers give preference to one of them?
    Solution
    In Windows, for the convenience of users, a huge number of functions have been created, often interchanging each other. One person, for example, will select the context menu to control an object, another will select the menu bar. Every person has a habit; someone who is used to acting in one way will consider that another way is inconvenient and is not needed at all.

    Task 10
    What's happened

    » » » Working with files and folders in Windows XP: operations with objects

    Working with files and folders in Windows XP: operations with objects

    Working with files and folders in Windows XP

    One of essential functions computer – storage of information. A file is both a storage location and an object with which you can perform a number of operations. Files are stored in folders, also called directories. They are also objects.

    Object context menu

    In Windows XP, each object has a context menu that is displayed when you right-click. You can do some operations through the menu

    1. Open
    2. Open with – select a program, for example, for audio or video
    3. Find
    4. Send – there is a submenu with commands for moving, creating a shortcut, archiving
    5. Rename
    6. Copy
    7. Cut
    8. Insert
    9. Properties – opens a window where you can find out the address

    Here are shortcuts to some utility programs

    The menu varies depending on the type of property. Menu items may differ for a file, folder, or program.

    Folder types

    • Root – in Windows XP “My Computer” and folder system disk(usually C:).
    • System - contain content created during OS installation. Are situated in Windows folder. There are also located hidden files.
    • User - a place to store user-created content.
    • Management folders
    • Network neighborhood folders
    • Basket
    • Hidden – system folders that are not displayed in Explorer by default.

    File types

    File types, or formats, are reflected in the extension after the name. This is a dot and Latin letters, from two to four. They indicate the encoding type. For example, .jpg is always a drawing.

    A separate type is a label. This is a pointer to the file where its address is stored. It is easily recognizable as it is presented in the form of a pictogram. When you hover the mouse, the file name and extension appear.

    Hidden files are used to manage content. For example, hidden files are always present in folders with graphics or multimedia objects.

    Archive is a file that stores compressed (packed) files that take up less disk space.

    The registry contains hidden files where system parameters are written

    You can set a password for some objects.

    Its creation is subject to special rules:

    • Use of Latin alphabet and numbers
    • No spaces
    • Replacing spaces with underscores

    Windows XP does not provide a password for separate object, there are third-party programs for this.

    The folder system is organized in the form of a tree.

    By right-clicking “Start”, select “Explorer” and in the left pane you will see a folder tree displayed in the form of a list.

    1. The tree is collapsed, only the root directories of the disks are displayed,
    2. Clicking on the cross opens the subfolders of the disk
    3. The “My Documents” folder expands in the same way.
    4. Selecting a directory reveals all contained objects in the right pane

    Addressing system

    To understand the variety of objects, each “storage unit” is assigned an address where it can be found. The address is written as a path from the folder top level through intermediate ones to the one in which the desired file is located.

    The full path starts from the root folder of the disk. This addressing method is used when the computer has several logical drives. If there is only one, most often the addressing is partial.

    The full path to the My Scanned Images folder looks something like this:

    C:Documents and SettingsusernameMy DocumentsMy DrawingsMy Scanned Images.

    The root folder is always followed by a colon. Between the separators are the names of the directories that should be opened one after the other.

    Working with folders in Explorer

    1. Service – opens folder settings. Usually, among all, change the item Tools -> Folder Options -> View -> Show hidden files and folders
    2. Search – changes the window view, opens the search panel in the open object.
    3. Synchronization – used for remote collaboration.
    4. Change view – drop-down button with list of options
    5. Level navigation:
      1. Return to previous
      2. Move up a level
      3. Go to the selected object.

    Working with the Accounts folder

    Start -> Control Panel -> Accounts

    On the first page you can select a task or select an account to change

    On the second:

    • Change username
    • Change or remove password
    • Change picture
    • Change account type
    • Use Passport.NET

    Working with the cart

    Here you can run only two commands in Windows XP:

    1. Empty trash
    2. Recover (directory or file)

    Basic operations with files and folders

    Open

    To use the program and work with a document, you need to open the object. This can be done in several ways

    1. Double click on the shortcut on the desktop
    2. Double-click on the folder or file name in Explorer
    3. Click on the shortcut in the panel quick launch
    4. Click on the name in the Main Menu

    The command is used for files created by the user or downloaded from the Internet, flash drive or camera. Initial saving is “Save As”. You meet the Guide again. Don't rush to click the "Save" button.

    1. Remember the path to the save folder.
    2. If necessary, open another, more appropriate folder or create a new one.
    3. Type the file name using the keyboard. The name must be unique within this folder. It is recommended to give meaningful names that reflect the content.
    4. Click the "Save" button.

    You can save files only in custom folders (My Documents, Common Documents) or on the Desktop. You should not use the root or system folder to save.

    Create a folder

    You can create your directory in Explorer:

    1. Click on the icon -> write a name -> OK.
    2. Right-click on an empty space in the Explorer window
      -> create a folder -> enter a name -> OK.

    The second way is to create a folder on your desktop.

    Select objects

    1. One is highlighted by clicking on the shortcut on the desktop or in Explorer
    2. Several in a row: click on the first one -> hold down the Shift key -> click on the last one
    3. Several selectively: click on the first one -> hold down Ctrl key-> click on the rest sequentially.

    Move

    To move an object you need two folders:

    1. Source
    2. Receiver

    Option 1:

    1. In the context menu of the object to be moved, give the command “Cut” (it is placed on the clipboard)
    2. In the destination folder, in the menu – “Paste”

    Option 2:

    Open both folders and drag an item from one to the other.

    Rename

    1. Call menu -> rename -> enter new name -> OK
    2. In Explorer or on the desktop, make two clicks on the object with a short pause. The file name will be highlighted under the shortcut. Delete it without touching the extension and enter a new name.

    Collapse

    1. Click on the “-” icon on the right top corner window
    2. All open objects are reflected in the taskbar (below the desktop). Clicking on an object's name collapses it.

    Expand

    1. Click on the name in the taskbar.

    Close

    1. Window control button
    2. From the name menu in the taskbar

    Find

    The search is carried out in a special window. It can be opened in one of the following ways:

    1. Start -> Find
    2. Start (right click) -> Explorer -> Search
    3. Start (right click) -> Find

    Windows XP provides a file search system using the following criteria:

    1. By name
    2. By extension
    3. By word or phrase in the file
    4. By date modified
    5. By file size, approximate or exact
    6. Additionally, the search area is indicated (select from the list under the drop-down button)
    7. What types of folders to look in

    Naturally, you must know at least one of these parameters.

    Delete

    1. Removing to the trash: select the object -> press Delete on the keyboard -> Yes. The object is placed in the Recycle Bin folder and can be restored to its original location.
    2. 2. Deleting permanently: select the object -> press simultaneously Shift keys+ Delete -> Yes. Be careful, objects deleted this way cannot be restored.

    Create a shortcut

    The first method: call the file or folder menu -> Send to -> Desktop (create a shortcut).

    The second method is if you know the path to the file (folder):

    1. Open menu on desktop
    2. Review
    3. By clicking on the crosses, open the folders sequentially
    4. Select the file (folder) for which the shortcut is created -> OK
    5. Further
    6. Ready

    Move the shortcut to the quick launch bar - hold down the left button and drag it to the left side of the taskbar (next to the Start button)

    Archive (pack)

    1. Menu -> Send to -> Compressed ZIP Folder
    2. An archive shortcut will appear.

    Unzip (unzip):

    Select one of three options from the menu.

    You can assign a password for the archive:

    1. Add (close file selection window)
    2. Additionally
    3. Click “Set Password”
    4. Enter password twice
    • Write the password on paper first, and then copy it into the input field to avoid mistakes. Do not use the same password for different objects.
    • When working with multiple windows, do not close them, but minimize them to the taskbar.
    • Do not download anything other than shortcuts to your desktop.
    • Don't delete hidden ones system files, except in cases where the folder with graphics or multimedia files is deleted.
    • Do not edit system files.

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