How to find symbols on the keyboard. The fastest way to type characters that aren't on your keyboard

What is alt code? Alt code is the characters that are displayed when you press a key combination on Alt keyboard+ X, where X is a set of numbers (a specific number) on the NumPad. NumPAd is a block of numbers on the keyboard, usually located on the right. Alto symbols on a PC with operating Windows systems not available when using a regular keyboard. They can only be called using additional commands. Hold down the ALT button and enter the number in the decimal number system. I hope everything is clear here. The Alt code table will help you navigate and find the right symbol.

Attention! Enter numbers on the side Num-pad keyboard.

Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol
1	☺	21	§	41	)	61	=	81	Q	101	e	121	y
2	☻	22	▬	42	*	62	>	82	R	102	f	122	z
3		23	↨	43	+	63	?	83	S	103	g	123	{
4	♦	24		44	,	64	@	84	T	104	h	124	|
5	♣	25	↓	45	-	65	A	85	U	105	i	125	}
6	♠	26	→	46	.	66	B	86	V	106	j	126	~
7	.	27	←	47	/	67	C	87	W	107	k	127	⌂
8	◘	28	∟	48	0	68	D	88	X	108	l	128	A
9	○	29	↔	49	1	69	E	89	Y	109	m	129	B
10	◙	30	▲	50	2	70	F	90	Z	110	n	130	IN
11	♂	31	▼	51	3	71	G	91	[	111	o	131	G
12	♀	32	<пробел>	52	4	72	H	92	\	112	p	132	D
13	♪	33	!	53	5	73	I	93	]	113	q	133	E
14	♫	34	"	54	6	74	J	94	^	114	r	134	AND
15	☼	35	#	55	7	75	K	95	_	115	s	135	Z
16		36	$	56	8	76	L	96	`	116	t	136	AND
17	◄	37	%	57	9	77	M	97	a	117	u	137	Y
18	↕	38	&	58	:	78	N	98	b	118	v	138	TO
19	‼	39	"	59	;	79	O	99	c	119	w	139	L
20	¶	40	(	60	<	80	P	100	d	120	x	140	M

Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol
141	N	161	b	181	╡	201	╔	221	▌	241	e
142	ABOUT	162	V	182	╢	202	╩	222	▐	242	Є
143	P	163	G	183	╖	203	╦	223	▀	243	є
144	R	164	d	184	╕	204	╠	224	R	244	Ї
145	WITH	165	e	185	╣	205	═	225	With	245	ї
146	T	166	and	186	║	206	╬	226	T	246	Ў
147	U	167	h	187	╗	207	╧	227	at	247	ў
148	F	168	And	188	╝	208	╨	228	f	248	°
149	X	169	th	189	╜	209	╤	229	X	249	∙
150	C	170	To	190	╛	210	╥	230	ts	250	·
151	H	171	l	191	┐	211	╙	231	h	251	√
152	Sh	172	m	192	└	212	╘	232	w	252	№
153	SCH	173	n	193	┴	213	╒	233	sch	253	¤
154	Kommersant	174	O	194	┬	214	╓	234	ъ	254	■
155	Y	175	P	195	├	215	╫	235	s	255	<неразры prominent space>
156	b	176	░	196	─	216	╪	236	b	256	Ā
157	E	177	▒	197	┼	217	┘	237	uh	257	☺
158	YU	178	▓	198	╞	218	┌	238	Yu	258	☻
159	I	179	│	199	╟	219	█	239	I	259
160	A	180	┤	200	╚	220	▄	240	Yo	260	♦

English layout

Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol
0127	"?" (blank character)	0144	ђ	0160	<неразры prominent space>	0176	°	0192	À	0208	Ð	0224	à	0240	ð
0128	Ђ	0145	‘	0161	¡	0177	±	0193	Á	0209	Ñ	0225	á	0241	ñ
0129	Ѓ	0146	’	0162	¢	0178	²	0194	Â	0210	Ò	0226	â	0242	ò
0130	‚	0147	”	0163	£	0179	³	0195	Ã	0211	Ó	0227	ã	0243	ó
0131	ƒ	0148	”	0164	¤	0180	´	0196	Ä	0212	Ô	0228	ä	0244	ô
0132	„	0149	.	0165	¥	0181	µ	0197	Å	0213	Õ	0229	å	0245	õ
0133	…	0150	-	0166	¦	0182	¶	0198	Æ	0214	Ö	0230	æ	0246	ö
0134	†	0151	—	0167	§	0183	·	0199	Ç	0215	×	0231	ç	0247	÷
0135	‡	0152	˜	0168	¨	0184	¸	0200	È	0216	Ø	0232	è	0248	ø
0136	ˆ	0153	™	0169		0185	¹	0201	É	0217	Ù	0233	é	0249	ù
0137	‰	0154	š	0170	ª	0186	º	0202	Ê	0218	Ú	0234	ê	0250	ú
0138	Š	0155	›	0171	«	0187	»	0203	Ë	0219	Û	0235	ë	0251	û
0139	‹	0156	œ	0172	¬	0188	¼	0204	Ì	0220	Ü	0236	ì	0252	ü
0140	Œ	0157	ќ	0173	--n-------	0189	½	0205	Í	0221	Ý	0237	í	0253	ý
0142	Ž	0158	ž	0174	®	0190	¾	0206	Î	0222	Þ	0238	î	0254	þ
0143	Џ	0159	Ÿ	0175	¯	0191	¿	0207	Ï	0223	ß	0239	ï	0255	ÿ

Russian layout

Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol	Alt code	Symbol
0127	?	0144	ђ	0161	Ў	0178	І	0195	G	0212	F	0229	e	0246	ts
0128	Ђ	0145	‘	0162	ў	0179	і	0196	D	0213	X	0230	and	0247	h
0129	Ѓ	0146	’	0163	Ј	0180	ґ	0197	E	0214	C	0231	h	0248	w
0130	‚	0147	“	0164	¤	0181	µ	0198	AND	0215	H	0232	And	0249	sch
0131	ѓ	0148	”	0165	Ґ	0182	¶	0199	Z	0216	Sh	0233	th	0250	ъ
0132	„	0149	.	0166	¦	0183	·	0200	AND	0217	SCH	0234	To	0251	s
0133	…	0150	-	0167	§	0184	e	0201	Y	0218	Kommersant	0235	l	0252	b
0134	†	0151	—	0168	Yo	0185	№	0202	TO	0219	Y	0236	m	0253	uh
0135	‡	0152	˜	0169		0186	є	0203	L	0220	b	0237	n	0254	Yu
0136	€	0153	™	0170	Є	0187	»	0204	M	0221	E	0238	O	0255	I
0137	‰	0154	љ	0171	«	0188	ј	0205	N	0222	YU	0239	P
0138	Љ	0155	›	0172	¬-	0189	Ѕ	0206	ABOUT	0223	I	0240	R
0139	‹	0156	њ	0173	---	0190	ѕ	0207	P	0224	A	0241	With
0140	Њ	0157	ќ	0174	®	0191	ї	0208	R	0225	b	0242	T
0141	Ќ	0158	ћ	0175	Ї	0192	A	0209	WITH	0226	V	0243	at
0142	Ћ	0159	џ	0176	°	0193	B	0210	T	0227	G	0244	f
0143	Џ	0160	<неразры prominent space>	0177	±	0194	IN	0211	U	0228	d	0245	X

Keyboard secrets: how to write with characters that are not on the keyboard

Keyboard secrets: how to write with characters that are not on the keyboard

Sometimes a situation arises when you need to use a special character in some text, but there is no key with such a character on the keyboard. How to be? There are several ways. If you are typing in a word processor Microsoft Word 2007, then everything is simple: just select the “Symbol” item on the “Insert” tab. In the drop-down list, select the desired symbol or click on “Other symbols…”. In the dialog box that opens, find the required symbol and press the "Insert" button. You can also insert by double-clicking on the selected symbol.

But what if you work in a simple Notepad editor? In this case, you need to do this. Press and hold the Alt key and use the numeric keypad to type special code symbol. The number keys you need are usually located on the right side of the keyboard desktop computer, and you can activate them by pressing the NumLock button.

If you are working with a laptop, then these keys coincide with some keys for letters. You can “turn them on” with a special combination, usually the Fn + key, on which NumLock or NumLk is written.

Here are the codes for some characters.

●Step by step:

1. Turn on the NumLock button (on the right side of the keyboard)

2. Hold down Alt.

3. And at the same time, while holding down the alt key, type the combination on the number pad.

4. Press Alt.

5. Admire the icon.

●On laptops without a Num Pad keyboard, go to Start > Programs > Accessories > Accessibility > Screen keyboard. Use virtual buttons.

● You can also use transliteration to set characters.

● The ALT key also allows you to type standard characters, such as doggie or bullets.

●Do not skip zeros in the code, zero must also be pressed.

● Hold down the ALT key + the combination of numbers indicated in the code. You need to hold the ALT key without releasing it until you have entered all the digits of the code. Then the symbol will appear.

More symbols:

Copyright

heart

® Reserved

℠Service mark

℃ Celsius

℉ Fahrenheit

No. License plate

℗ Copyright of the entry

℞ Pharmaceutical symbol

℧ Inverted Ohm

☀ Sun

☂ Umbrella

☃ Snowman

☄ Comet

★ Star (shaded)

☆ Star (outlines)

☇ Lightning

☉ Sun (outline)

☊ Ascending node

☋ Descending node

☌ Pairing

☍ Opposition

☎ Phone (shaded)

☏ Phone (circuit) 9743]

☐ Empty square

☑ Square with a tick

☒ Square with a cross X

☓ St. Andrew's Cross

☚ Finger pointing left (shaded)

☛ Finger pointing to the right (shaded)

☜ Finger pointing left (outline)

☝ Finger pointing up (outline)

☞ Finger pointing to the right (outline)

☟ Finger pointing down (outline)

☠ Skull and Bones

☡ Warning sign

☢ Radiation sign

☣ Biohazard sign

☤ Caduceus (rod of Hermes)

☦ Eastern Christian cross

☧ Christogram

☨ Patriarchal cross

☩ Greek cross

☪ Moon and star

☫ Farsi symbol

☬ Adi Shakti

☭ Hammer and sickle

☮ Peace sign

☯ Yin and Yang

☰ Trigram sky

☱ Trigram Lake

☲ Trigram fire

☳ Trigram thunderstorm

☴ Trigram wind

☵ Trigram water

☶ Trigram mountain

☷ Trigram earth

☸ Wheel of dharma

☹ Sad smiley

☺ Cheerful smiley

☻ Black smiley

☽ Waxing moon

☾ Falling moon

☿ Mercury

♀ Venus (female sign)

♂ Mars (male sign)

♃ Jupiter

♄ Saturn

♆ Neptune

♇ Pluto

♊ Gemini

♏ Scorpio

♐ Sagittarius

♑ Capricorn

♒ Aquarius

♔ White King

♕ White Queen

♖ White rook

♗ White elephant

♘ White horse

♙ White pawn

♚ Black king

♛ Black Queen

♜ Black rook

♝ Black elephant

♞ Black horse

♟ Black pawn

♠ Black Spade

♤ Pike (outline)

Heart (shaded) or heart

♦ Tambourine (shaded)

♧ Clubs (outline)

♨ Geyser

♩ Musical quarter note

♪ Musical eighth note

♫ Two notes connected

♬ Two notes connected by a double bar

♭ flat

♮ Natural scale sound

✁ Cut off from top

✂ Cut here

✃ Cut from the bottom

✄ Scissors

✆ Public phone

✇ Cassette

✈ Airport/plane

✉ Envelope/email

✌ Victory sign

✍ Signature

✎ Diagonal pencil

✏ Pencil

✐ Diagonal pencil looking up

✓ Check mark

✔ Bold check mark

✕ Multiplication sign/X

✖ Bold multiplication sign/X

✗ Slanted X

✘ Bold slanted X

✝ Roman cross

✞ Roman Cross 3D

✟ Latin cross (outline)

✠ Maltese cross

✡ Star of David

❛ Quote sign

❜ Quote mark (inverted)

❝ Double quotation mark

❞ Double quotation mark (inverted)

™ Trademark ○= 777

Every computer user, especially those who actively use social networks, has wondered: what is Special symbols and where can I find them on the keyboard? The answer to this question is not something complicated. The thing is that the keyboard displays only frequently used symbols: letters, punctuation marks, arithmetic operations.

But there are many other symbols in the world. And to use them, you need to know some concepts. Such characters are called special. Their difference is that they are more comic than truly useful.

How to enter special characters from the keyboard?

First, let’s look at the simplest and most understandable input of special characters that are already located on the device’s keyboard. To do this, hold down the Shift key and select the desired symbol.

But do not forget that for convenience, the symbols are separated from each other by keyboard layouts. Therefore, pay attention to the location of the sign relative to the main one.

We use special characters when creating passwords

Many users have wondered how to create strong password. To do this, you don’t need to create huge sets of different letters, numbers and punctuation marks; just use an unusual icon. So how do you use special characters on your keyboard for a password?

To use a special character when entering a password, you must enable NumLock. After this, you should hold down the Alt key and “+”, then type the required set of characters and get the character we need. But in the password itself it will not be registered as a special character, but will be written in the encoding necessary for this.

Using Unicode on the Windows 10 keyboard

To use special characters on Windows keyboard 10, you need to go to the taskbar and request a table in the search bar. And after that run this application.

In the table that opens, you can select a font. To copy a symbol, double-click on it and click “Copy” in the bottom line. You can also select the character set language.

Enter special characters using the keyboard

The most practical way to type characters is a combination of the Alt key and the desired Unicode. Special characters on the Alt keyboard will be discussed in the table below.

But before you learn about them, you need to understand the principle of entering these characters. To enter the character we need, press the Alt key, then press “+” on the right side of the keyboard and type the numeric command in which the desired character is encrypted.

Tables of special characters for describing text

Now, let’s actually look at what some special characters look like. Many of them are used infrequently.

Name	Symbolism	View	Description
	160		space without breaks
iexcl	161	¡	exclamation point upside down
cent	162	¢	cent
pound	163	£	GBP
euro	0128	€	Euro
	8591	₪	shekel
curren	164	¤	currency unit
yen	165		yen or yuan
	166	¦	dotted vertical bar
sect	167	§	paragraph
uml	168	¨	diaeresis
copy	169		copyright sign
ordf	170	ª	ordinal numerator (feminine)
	186	º	ordinal numerator (male)
	171	«	opening quote
	187	»	closing quote
not	172	¬	negation
	173		place of possible transfer
	176	°	degree
permil		‰	ppm
acute	180	´	accent mark
micro	181	µ	micro
para	182	¶	paragraph symbol
middot	183	·	dot
cedil	184	¸	cedilla
sup1	185	¹	superscript (unit)
	175		the longitude sign is placed on top of the vowel
iquest	191	¿	question mark upside down
	174	®	registered trademark mark

Table of special symbols - arrows

And these special characters are perfect for any schemes. This table is worth having on hand.

Punctuation table

Well, you can’t do without these signs when writing articles. They are familiar to everyone without exception.

Name	Symbolism	View	Description
bull	8226	.	small black circle
hellip	8230	…	ellipses
prime	8242	′	single stroke - minutes and feet
	8243	″	double prime - seconds and inches
	8254	‾	underscore
frasl	8260	⁄	right slash
Basic punctuation
ndash	8211	-	dash
mdash	8212	—	em dash
lsquo	8216	‘	left single quote
	8217	’	right single quote
	8218	‚	single quote (lower)
	8220	“	double quote(tilt left)
	8221	”	double quote (right slant)
	8222	„	double quote (lower)

Table of arithmetic signs

Such signs are a godsend for a mathematician. None of them can be written down without their help.

Name	Symbolism	View	Description
times	215	×	multiplication sign
divide	247	÷	division sign
frasl	8260	⁄	decimal point
minus	8722	−	minus sign
il	60	<	less than sign
GT	62	>	greater sign
le	8804	≤	less or equal
ge	8805	≥	more or equal
	8776	≈	asymptotically equal
ne	8800	≠	inequality
equiv	8801	≡	identical, coincides with
plusmn	177	±	plus or minus
frac14	188	¼	one quarter
frac12	189	½	a half
frac34	190	¾	three quarters
sup1	185	¹	unit in superscript
	178	²	two in superscript (square)
	179	³	three in superscript (cube)
	8730	√	square root (radical)
	8734	∞	infinity sign
sum	8721	∑	summation sign
	8719	∏	work mark
part	8706	∂	partial differential
int	8747	∫	integral
forall	8704	∀	for all
exist	8707	∃	exists
empty	8709	∅	empty set; diameter
	8711	∇	nabla
isin	8712	∈	belongs
notin	8713	∉	do not belong
ni	8715	∋	contains
lowast	8727	∗	asterisk operator
prop	8733	∝	proportionally
ang	8736	∠	corner
and	8743	∧	logical AND
or	8744	∨	logical OR
cap	8745	∩	intersection
cup	8746	∪	Union
there4	8756	∴	hence
sim	8764		similarity sign - "changes from" - tilde sign
	8773	≅	approximately equal to
sub	8834	⊂	this is a subset
sup	8835	⊃	this is a superset
nsub	8836	⊄	is not a subset
sube	8838	⊆	is a subset or equal to
	8839	⊇	is a superset or equal
	8853	⊕	plus in a circle
otimes	8855	⊗	multiplication sign in a circle
	8869	⊥	orthogonal, perpendicular
sdot	8901	⋅	dot operator
fnot	402	ƒ	function sign

Table of Latin, Greek and Hebrew letters

Not many people, of course, will use these signs when working with a computer. However, knowing about them will not hurt for overall development.

Name	Symbolism	View	Description
Letters
Agrave	192	À	capital A with blunt accent
	193	Á	And with a sharp accent
Acirc	194	Â	A with a circumflex (a diacritic mark above a vowel)
	195	Ã	And with a tilde
Auml	196	Ä	And with three (a sign above a vowel to pronounce it separately from the preceding vowel)
	197	Å	And with the top circle
AElig	198	Æ	AE characters
Ccedil	199	Ç	C with cedilla
Egrave	200	È	E with blunt accent
	201	É	E with acute accent
	202	Ê	E with circumflex (diacritic over vowel)
	203	Ë	E with three
Igrave	204	Ì	I with obtuse accent
	205	Í	I with acute accent
Icirc	206	Î	I with circumflex
Iuml	207	Ï	I with three
ETH	208	Ð	ETH symbols
Ntilde	209	Ñ	N with tilde
Ograve	210	Ò	O with obtuse accent
	211	Ó	O with acute accent
Ocirc	212	Ô	O with circumflex
Otilde	213	Õ	O with tilde
Ouml	214	Ö	O with three
Oslash	216	Ø	O with a stroke
Ugrave	217	Ù	U with blunt accent
	218	Ú	U with acute accent
	219	Û	U with circumflex
Uuml	220	Ü	U with three
Yacute	221	Ý	Y with acute accent
THORN	222	Þ	THORN
agrave	224	à	lowercase A with blunt accent
	225	á	And with a sharp accent
acirc	226	â	And with circumflex
atilde	227	ã	And with a tilde
auml	228	ä	And with three
aring	229	å	And with the top circle
aelig	230	æ	Ae
ccedil	231	ç	And with a cedilla
egrave	232	è	E with blunt accent
	233	é	E with acute accent
	234	ê	E with circumflex
euml	235	ë	E with three
igrave	236	ì	I with obtuse accent
	237	í	I with acute accent
icirc	238	î	I with circumflex
iuml	239	ï	I with three
eth	240	ð	eth symbols
ntilde	241	ñ	N with tilde
ograve	242	ò	O with obtuse accent
	243	ó	O with acute accent
ocirc	244	ô	O with circumflex
otilde	245	õ	I with tilde
ouml	246	ö	I with three
oslash	248	ø	O with a stroke
ugrave	249	ù	U with blunt accent
	250	ú	U with acute accent
	251	û	U with circumflex
uuml	252	ü	U with three
yacute	253	ý	Y with accent
thorn	254	þ	thorn
yuml	255	ÿ	Y with three
Letters of the Greek alphabet
	913	Α	greek capital letter alpha
	914	Β	beta
	915	Γ	greek capital letter gamma
	916	Δ	delta
	917	Ε	greek capital letter epsilon
	918	Ζ	zeta
	919		greek capital letter eta
	920	Θ	theta
	921	Ι	greek capital letter iota
	922	Κ	kappa
	923	Λ	greek capital letter lambda
	924	Μ	mu
	925		greek capital letter nu
	926	Ξ	xi
	927	Ο	greek capital letter omicron
	928	Π	pi
	929		greek capital letter rho
	931	Σ	sigma
	932		greek capital letter tau
	933	Υ	upsilon
	934		greek capital letter phi
	935	Χ	hee
	936		greek capital letter psi
	937	Ω	omega
	945	α	greek small letter alpha
	946	β	beta
	947	γ	greek small letter gamma
	948	δ	delta
	949	ε	greek small letter epsilon
	950	ζ	zeta
	951		greek small letter eta
	952	θ	theta
	953	ι	greek small letter iota
	954	κ	kappa
	955	λ	greek small letter lambda
	956	μ	mu
	957		greek small letter nu
	958	ξ	xi
	959	ο	greek small letter omicron
	960	π	pi
	961		greek small letter rho
	962	ς	sigma (final)
	963	σ	greek small letter sigma
	964	τ	tau
	965	υ	greek small letter upsilon
	966	φ	fi
	967		greek small letter chi
	968	ψ	psi
	969	ω	greek small letter omega
Hebrew letters
	1488	א	aleph
	1489	ב	Beth
	1490	ג	Gimel
	1491	ד	Daled
	1492	ה	neck
	1493	ו	wav
	1494	ז	zain
	1495	ח	hat
	1496	ט	tet
	1497	י	yud
	1498	ך	soffit cafe
	1499	כ	cafe
	1500	ל	lamed
	1501	ם	ma'am spotlight
	1502	מ	ma'am
	1503	ן	nun-soffit
	1504	נ	noon
	1505	ס	samekh
	1506	ע	ain
	1507	ף	pay-soffit
	1508	פ	pay
	1509	ץ	tzaddik sofit
	1510	צ	tzaddik
	1511	ק	Kuf
	1512	ר	raysh
	1513	ש	tires
	1514	ת	tav

Additional symbol table

Here are some other helpful signs. Perhaps they will be useful to you someday too

Name	Symbolism	View	Description
	9824	♠	spades suit sign
	9827	♣	sign of the suit "clubs"
	9829		hearts suit sign
	9830	♦	sign of the suit "diamonds"
	9674	◊	rhombus
	9675	○	circle
	9679	●	black circle
	9668	◄	triangle to the left
	9660	▼	black triangle down
	9658		black triangle to the right
	9650	▲	black triangle up
	9632	■	black square
	9642	▪	black square
	9643	▫	square
	9792	♀	feminine
	9794		masculinity
	34	"	double quote
amp	38	&	ampersand
lt	60	<	"less than" sign
GT	62	>	"more" sign
circ	710	ˆ	circumflex symbol
tilde	732	˜	tilde
trade	8482	™	trademark sign

Finally

There are many symbols in the world that computer users need to use for their purposes. It is impossible to know all of them. After all, humanity over its centuries-old history has created more than a million different codes and other types of information encoded in images, but there are tables of special characters that are available to all users.

These signs have a huge scope, so many will have to deal with them. Entering special characters from the keyboard is not difficult. The main thing is to be able to use the capabilities of your device, and this will allow you to use various special characters for your own purposes.

Working on something new culinary recipe or making angular calculations in a simple text editor, like a standard notepad, the user may be faced with a completely logical question: how to put, for example, a degree sign, which, apparently, is not included in the standard layout? To solve this issue, use special third party programs not necessary at all. The QWERTY layout hides several tricks that are not written about in the operating instructions.

Where did the rest of the symbols go?

The existing sequence of letters and numbers on the keyboard was invented at the end of the century before last and still remains almost unchanged. Over the years, humanity has not invented anything radically new in this area. The question arises: why not come up with a new layout that would include more values?

Obviously, it will be quite problematic to place all the special characters on a regular keyboard, given their huge number. However, to solve this problem, the developers came up with several simple ways, that allow expand the set printable characters. Who can benefit from this log?

• To the people those involved in programming. The standard layout provides a sufficient set for special languages ​​that are used in this area (|, \, &, etc.). However, an HTML programmer often requires additional values ​​that a regular keyboard does not provide (for example, © is the icon indicating Copyright).
• For employees office sector. Some computational operations or to indicate a special mathematical operation also require their own icon (± - plus/minus sign).
• Ordinary users. It is unlikely that there are people left who would not be interested in how to print a “heart” or a cheerful emoticon☺.

Working with special characters

HTML special characters are mostly used in the field of programming. To display them correctly, it is advisable to choose the following standard fonts, like Arial or Times New Roman. This typology includes arithmetic signs, currency symbols, markers, arrows, Greek alphabet, etc. To display the desired icon, use the specialized codes given in the table. Please note that all combinations are written in lowercase.

Alt codes

Another way to type a special character is to use alt codes. This method does not require auxiliary systems. To use it, need to be clamped alt button on the keyboard and sequentially enter the special digital combination, which will insert the required icon into the text.

As an example, here are a few alt codes. Hold alt and enter:

• 8776 – approximately or approximately equal to (≈);
• 197 – cross (┼)
• 0134 – cross (†)
• 24, 25, 26, 27 – arrows up, down, right and left (,↓,→,←)
• 7 — Bold dot ( )
• 42 – Asterisk (*)
• 1, 2 – Emoticons (☺, ☻)
• 0216 – Diameter (Ø). Enters in English layout.
• 255 – Empty character (). Not to be confused with space.
• 0176, 248 – Degrees (°)
• 8381 and 01364 – Ruble sign (₽, Ք)
• 0128 and 0136 – Euro (€). The code depends on the layout - the first is for English, the second is for Russian
• 9742, 9743 – Telephone (☎, ☏)
• 10122 – 10131 – numbers from 1 to 10 in a black circle (➊ ​​– ➓)
• 10112 – 10121 – numbers from 1 to 10 in a white circle (➀ – ➉)
• 0177 – plus or minus (±)
• 8734 – infinity (∞)
• 960 – Pi icon (π)
• 0216 – crossed out O (Ø). In English layout

You can also use the table to find the desired value.

A computer keyboard is the main device for manually entering information, commands and data. This article discusses the design and layout of a computer keyboard, hot keys, symbols and signs on the keyboard.

Computer keyboard: operating principle

Basic keyboard functions do not require special software. The drivers necessary for its operation are already available in the BIOS ROM. Therefore, the computer responds to commands from the main keyboard keys immediately after turning on.

The operating principle of the keyboard is as follows:

1. After pressing a key, the keyboard chip generates a scan code.
2. The scan code enters a port integrated into the motherboard.
3. The keyboard port reports a fixed-number interrupt to the processor.
4. Having received a fixed interrupt number, the processor contacts a special interrupt. region random access memory, containing an interrupt vector - a list of data. Each entry in the data list contains the address of the program servicing the interrupt, which matches the entry number.
5. Having determined the program entry, the processor proceeds to execute it.
6. The interrupt handler program then directs the processor to the keyboard port, where it finds the scan code. Next, under the control of the processor, the processor determines which character corresponds to this scan code.
7. The handler sends code to the keyboard buffer, notifying the processor, and then stops working.
8. The processor moves on to the pending task.
9. The entered character is stored in the keyboard buffer until it is retrieved by the program for which it is intended, for example, text editor Microsoft Word.

Keyboard composition: key assignments

A standard keyboard has more than 100 keys, divided into functional groups. Below is a photo of a computer keyboard with a description of the key groups.

Alphanumeric keys

Alphanumeric keys are used to enter information and commands typed by letter. Each of the keys can work in different registers and also represent several characters.

Switching case (entering lowercase and uppercase characters) is carried out by holding Shift keys. For hard (permanent) case switching, Caps Lock is used.

If the computer keyboard is used to enter text data, the paragraph is closed by pressing the Enter key. Next, data entry begins on a new line. When the keyboard is used to enter commands, Enter ends the input and begins execution.

Function keys

The function keys are located at the top of the keyboard and consist of 12 buttons F1 – F12. Their functions and properties depend on the running program, and in some cases operating system.

A common function in many programs is the F1 key, which calls up help, where you can find out the functions of other buttons.

Special keys

Special keys are located next to the alphanumeric group of buttons. Due to the fact that users often resort to using them, they have an increased size. These include:

1. Shift and Enter discussed earlier.
2. Alt and Ctrl – used in combination with other keyboard keys to form special commands.
3. Tab is used for tabulation when typing text.
4. Win – opens the Start menu.
5. Esc – refusal to use the started operation.
6. BACKSPACE – deleting the characters just entered.
7. Print Screen- seal current screen or saving a snapshot of it to the clipboard.
8. Scroll Lock – switches the operating mode in some programs.
9. Pause/Break – pause/interrupt the current process.

Cursor keys

The cursor keys are located to the right of the alphanumeric pad. Cursor is a screen element indicating the location for entering information. The directional keys move the cursor in the direction of the arrows.

Additional keys:

1. Page Up/Page Down – move the cursor to page up/down.
2. Home and End – move the cursor to the beginning or end of the current line.
3. Insert – traditionally switches the data input mode between insertion and replacement. IN different programs, the action of the Insert button may be different.

Additional numeric keypad

The additional numeric keyboard duplicates the actions of the numeric and some other keys of the main input panel. To use it, you must first enable the Num Lock button. Also, the additional keyboard keys can be used to control the cursor.

Keyboard shortcut

When you press a certain key combination, a particular command is executed for the computer.

Commonly used keyboard shortcuts:

• Ctrl + Shift + Esc – open the Task Manager.
• Ctrl + F – search window in the active program.
• Ctrl + A – selects all content in the open window.
• Ctrl + C – copy the selected fragment.
• Ctrl + V – paste from the clipboard.
• Ctrl + P - prints the current document.
• Ctrl + Z – cancels the current action.
• Ctrl + X – cut the selected section of text.
• Ctrl + Shift + → selecting text by words (starting from the cursor position).
• Ctrl + Esc - opens/closes the Start menu.
• Alt + Printscreen – screenshot of the active program window.
• Alt + F4 – closes the active application.
• Shift + Delete – permanent deletion object (past the basket).
• Shift + F10 – call context menu active object.
• Win + Pause – system properties.
• Win + E – launches Explorer.
• Win + D – minimizes all open windows.
• Win + F1 – opens Windows Help.
• Win + F – opens the search window.
• Win + L – lock the computer.
• Win + R – open “Run a program”.

Keyboard symbols

Surely, many users have noticed symbols for nicknames on VKontakte, Odnoklassniki and others in social networks. How to make symbols on the keyboard if there are no explicit keys for this?

You can place characters on the keyboard using Alt codes - additional commands for entering hidden characters. These commands are entered by simply pressing Alt + a decimal number.

You can often come across questions: how to make a heart on the keyboard, an infinity sign or a euro on the keyboard?

• alt + 3 =
• Alt+8734 = ∞
• Alt + 0128 = €

These and other symbols on the keyboard are presented in following tables in the form of drawings. The “Alt code” column contains a numeric value, after entering which, in combination with the Alt key, a certain character will be displayed. The symbol column contains the final result.

Please note that if the additional numeric keypad is not enabled - Num Lock is not pressed, then the Alt + number key combination may lead to unexpected results.

For example, if you press Alt + 4 in the browser without Num Lock enabled, the previous page will open.

Punctuation marks on the keyboard

Sometimes users, when trying to put a punctuation mark on the keyboard, do not get exactly what they expected. This is due to the fact that different keyboard layouts imply different use of key combinations.

Below we discuss how to put punctuation marks on the keyboard.

Punctuation marks with Cyrillic alphabet

• " (quotes) - Shift + 2
• № (number) - Shift + 3
• ; (semicolon) - Shift + 4
• % (percentage) - Shift + 5
• : (colon) - Shift + 6
• ? (question mark) - Shift + 7
• ((open bracket) - Shift + 9
• – (dash) – button labeled “-”
• , (comma) - Shift + “period”
• + (plus) – Shift + button with plus sign “+”
• . (dot) – button to the right of the letter “U”

Latin punctuation marks

• ~ (tilde) - Shift + Yo
• ! (exclamation mark) - Shift + 1
• @ (dog – used in address Email) - Shift + 2
• # (hash) - Shift + 3
• $ (dollar) - Shift + 4
• % (percentage) - Shift + 5
• ^ - Shift + 6
• & (ampersand) - Shift + 7
• * (multiply or asterisk) - Shift + 8
• ((open bracket) - Shift + 9
• ) (close bracket) - Shift + 0
• – (dash) – key on the keyboard labeled “-”
• + (plus) - Shift and +
• = (equal) – equal sign button
• , (comma) – key with the Russian letter “B”
• . (dot) - key with the Russian letter “Yu”
• < (левая угловая скобка) - Shift + Б
• > (right angle bracket) - Shift + Yu
• ? (question mark) – Shift + button with a question mark (to the right of “Y”)
• ; (semicolon) – letter “F”
• : (colon) – Shift + “F”
• [ (left square bracket) – Russian letter “X”
• ] (right square bracket) – “Ъ”
• ( (left curly brace) – Shift + Russian letter “X”
• ) (right curly brace) – Shift + “Ъ”

Computer keyboard layout

Computer keyboard layout - a scheme for assigning symbols of national alphabets to specific keys. Switching the keyboard layout is done programmatically - one of the functions of the operating system.

In Windows, you can change the keyboard layout by pressing Alt + Shift or Ctrl + Shift. Typical keyboard layouts are English and Russian.

If necessary, you can change or add a keyboard language in Windows 7 by going to Start – Control Panel – Clock, language and region (sub-item “change keyboard layout or other input methods”).

In the window that opens, select the “Languages ​​and keyboards” tab - “Change keyboard”. Then, in a new window, on the “General” tab, click “Add” and select the required input language. Don't forget to save your changes by clicking OK.

Virtual computer keyboard

Virtual keyboard - separate program, or an add-on included in the software. With its help, you can enter letters and symbols from the computer screen using the mouse cursor. Those. During the typing process, the computer keyboard is not involved.

A virtual keyboard is needed, for example, to protect confidential data (login and password). When entering data using a regular keyboard, there is a risk of information being intercepted by malicious spyware. Then, via the Internet, the information is transmitted to the attacker.

Find and download virtual keyboard possible using search engines, - it won’t take you much time. If Kaspersky anti-virus is installed on your PC, you can launch the virtual keyboard through the main program window; it is included in it.

Screen keyboard

On-screen keyboard - keyboard on touch screen tablet, smartphone, touch monitor, which is pressed with the user’s fingers. Sometimes the on-screen keyboard is called a virtual keyboard.

Also, the on-screen keyboard on your computer is included in the list of Windows accessibility features. If your keyboard does not work, has stopped typing, suddenly turned off, etc., the on-screen keyboard for Windows will come to the rescue.

To launch the on-screen keyboard in Windows 7, go to Start - All Programs - Accessories - then Accessibility - On-Screen Keyboard. It looks like this.

To switch the keyboard layout, use the corresponding buttons on the taskbar (near the date and time, at the bottom left of the monitor screen).

What to do if the keyboard does not work

If your keyboard suddenly stops working, don’t rush to get upset, first find out what caused the breakdown. All the reasons why the keyboard does not work can be divided into hardware and software.

In the first case, if the keyboard hardware is broken, fixing the problem without special skills is very problematic. Sometimes it’s easier to replace it with a new one.

Before you say goodbye to a seemingly faulty keyboard, check the cable that connects it to system unit, He may have moved away a little. If the cable is fine, make sure that the damage is not caused by software glitch computer. To do this, restart your PC.

If after a reboot the keyboard shows no signs of life, try to wake it up using the available Windows solutions. The sequence of actions is given using Windows 7 as an example, if you have a different version of the operating system Windows systems- proceed by analogy. The principle is approximately the same, the names of the menu sections may differ slightly.

Go to Start - Control Panel - Hardware and Sound - Device Manager. In the window that opens, if you have problems with your keyboard, it will be marked with a yellow label with an exclamation mark. Select it with the mouse and select Action – Delete from the menu. After uninstallation, close Device Manager.

Return to the Hardware and Sound tab and select Add a Device. After searching for equipment, your keyboard will be found and its drivers will be installed.

If the hardware installation was successful and the keyboard failure was due to a software glitch, the Num Lock key indicator on the keyboard will light up.

If the problem cannot be resolved, the on-screen keyboard may be a temporary solution.

These days, a computer keyboard, like a mouse, is considered a low-value device. However, it plays an important role in working with a computer.