What can you solder at home? Do-it-yourself amateur radio circuits and homemade products

Electronic homemade products, today, are in an accessible way manufacturing useful mechanisms that can make life easier and diversify leisure time. Modern craftsmen are able to assemble with their own hands how simple toys, and complex, multi-tasking mechanisms. How to quickly and easily make electronic toys that are interesting and useful electronic homemade products for your home and car with your own hands - read below!

Simple DIY electronics: making a spinner

Electrical engineering today is widely used for both practical and entertainment purposes. Some inventions (such as the smart home system) will be quite difficult for a beginner to make. They require experience and advanced knowledge of physics. Other designs are simple and accessible to beginner radio amateurs. For example, you can make interesting toys with your own hands - spinners, the sales of which have increased incredibly this year.

To assemble the toy you will need to stock up on:

• Wooden blank measuring 9x4x1.2 cm;
• Bearing size 2.2x0.8x0.7 cm (with rubber seal);
• Two RGB LEDs;
• Two CR2032 batteries and holders;
• Stainless steel bolt 0.8x2 cm;
• M8 cap nuts.

After this you can start working. First of all, you will need to find a design diagram on the Internet and transfer it to a raw block - a workpiece. To correctly mark the technological holes (there will be three of them), you will need a ruler.

Then follows:

1. In the middle of the workpiece, drill a through hole with a diameter of 2.2 cm for the bearing;
2. Drill two holes on the sides of the workpiece with a diameter of 2.5 cm and a depth of 7.5 mm;
3. Using a drill, make two holes with a diameter of 6 mm for LEDs in the middle of two blind holes;
4. Countersink the holes;
5. Give the toy a rounded shape using a jigsaw, band saw or jigsaw;
6. Sand the workpiece with sandpaper and coat it with varnish;
7. Solder the LEDs to the battery holders;
8. Check the LEDs and install them in the mounting holes, fixing them with super glue;
9. Clean the bearing and treat its insides with WD 40;
10. Cut off the bolt head and secure the axle in the bearing on both sides with nuts;
11. Install the bearing into the mounting hole.

The spinner is ready! The toy will be interesting not only for children. Adults can also use this electronic device: the device, rotating, will help you relax or get distracted.

Simple electronic homemade circuits: making an electric call

You can make an electric call quite simply and quickly with your own hands.

Such a call will last a long time and will please the ear. After all, when pressed, it will be able to create signals of different frequencies and tones.

Thus, an electric call can be single-tone or multi-tone.

The ability of the bell to reproduce sound in one or more tones will be influenced by the presence of a multivibrator with two bipolar transistors in the radio design circuit. Let us consider in detail the circuit of an electronic call with a complex sound signal.

Yes, electronic homemade circuit will consist of the following radio components:

• Step-down transformer series TA;
• Call button;
• Five alloy silicon diodes;
• Electrolytic capacitor with a capacity of 1000 microfarads
• Two electrolytic capacitors with a capacity of 10 microfarads;
• Two trimming resistors with a resistance of 470 kilo-ohms;
• Two MLT resistors with a resistance of 10 kiloohms;
• Two MLT resistors with a resistance of 33 kilo-ohms;
• MLT resistor 1 kilo-ohm;
• MLT resistor 470 kilo-ohms;
• Three silicon-plenary transistors type 630D
• Silicon planar transistor type 630G.

The principle of operation of the device is simple. Pressing the button will open the third transistor of type 630D, allowing current to pass to the fourth transistor of type 630G. This will create the primary signal. When the second transistor of type 630D opens, the third and fourth transistors will be locked, creating a signal of a different tone.

DIY crafts for the car

Automotive electronics are in great demand today. At the same time, homemade automation often has simple circuits, easy execution and installation. What kind of electrical homemade products can you make for your car yourself?

So, you can do the following for your car with your own hands:

• Dynamic turn signals using the KIT DIY constructor;
• Universal Charger from old electronics;
• Water pump based air conditioning;
• Heated wipers and much more.

The easiest way would be to design a backlight for the seat belt buckles. To do this, you will need to dismantle and disassemble the locks using a flat-head screwdriver. After that, using hot-melt adhesive, you need to secure the LEDs in the locks.

Each LED can be turned on through its own current-limiting resistor: this will extend the life of the semiconductor light-emitting device.

After this, you should assemble the locks, and run the wires powering the LEDs under the seats to the ignition or the parking button through the cigarette lighter. At the owner's request, the car's interior lighting can be supplemented with lamps that indicate that the seat belt is not fastened.

Unusual electronic homemade products: do-it-yourself binary clocks

You can make cool binary clocks for your home with your own hands. To do this you need an Arduino platform. The electrical circuits on this platform are simple and convenient; they are used for the manufacture of most electronic homemade products.

Additionally, to make a binary clock you will need:

• Real time clock module on DS1302 chip;
• Diffuse LEDs with a diameter of 1 cm (20 pieces);
• Resistors with a resistance of 10 Ohms (20 pieces);
• Resistors with a resistance of 10 kilo-ohms (2 pieces);
• Two tact buttons;
• Frame.

The watch case must consist of two halves, which can be made of wood, plastic, or metal. It depends on what style your watch will be. Before making the housing, you will need to assemble the LED matrix.

In this case, each LED must be connected through its own current-limiting resistor.

After this, the leads from the LEDs must be connected to the platform. The controller itself will need to be connected to the real time clock module. After this, the contacts from Arduino and the module must be routed to the clock buttons to set the time through resistors with a nominal value of 10 kilo-ohms. They will serve as load bearings. Finally, you should connect the power cable to the circuit.

Useful DIY crafts: how to make household scales

Today, almost every home has a floor or kitchen scale. In order to make this useful measuring device yourself, you need to understand its structure and operating principle.

So, to the outside components weights include:

• Weight processor;
• Frame;
• Display screen;
• Platform;
• Legs.

The principle of operation of the scales is extremely simple. The load, falling on the platform, presses on it due to gravity, activating the strain gauge load cell inside the device. The strain gauge, in turn, influences the strain gauge, changing its resistance. The latter transmits the signal to an analog-to-digital converter. After this, the ADC converts the signal to digital and feeds it to the microcontroller, which draws conclusions about the mass of the load on the platform and displays the values ​​on the screen.

When assembling the circuit, you need to pay attention to the type of strain gauge.

So, for a central location under the platform of floor, commercial and technical scales, it is better to choose a single-point sensor. For bending installation, a block sensor is used. In this case, you need to ensure that the strain gauge has a reliable connection to the ADC. A weight processor will help solve the problem of connecting devices.

DIY radio circuits for the home: making an electronic lock

Electrics can also serve to protect your home. So, today, DIY sites offer simple radio circuits for electronic locks for the front door. It is impossible to open such a lock using a physical key.

The simplest electrical circuit for making a lock is usually based on a four-digit Johnson meter.

This scheme can be implemented in several variations. The simplest one is using the 4017 microcircuit. The principle of operation of the circuit is quite simple: when you enter the correct four-digit code, a logical unit is activated at the input of the microcircuit, which opens the lock.

Let's take a closer look at the operation of the device:

• When the wrong keys are pressed, the circuit restarts without triggering the mechanism through the RESET input.
• The correct signal, when a key is pressed, must be sent to field-effect transistor VT1, which, after opening, supplies voltage to the output corresponding to the key;
• After the correct code has been completely entered, from the output corresponding to the last correct key, the signal is sent to the transistor VT2 connected to the relay;
• The transistor is activated for a time that determines the capacitance of the capacitor;
• The relay opens an actuator (for example, a latch).

In order to open such a lock, you will need to go through about ten thousand different codes. At the same time, the numbers on the code should not be repeated. That is, code 3355 will not be possible; all digital values ​​must be different.

Most of the electronic homemade products that modern craftsmen make are designed to perform ordinary household tasks faster and better than authentic devices. For example, an electric spinning wheel will significantly speed up the process of creating yarn. You can quickly make an electric spinning wheel by placing an electric motor on an authentic device.

At the same time, the motor for an electric spinning wheel must have a power of at least 15 W.

As a motor, you can use a motor from a fan, auto cleaner, or player. The pedal must be used to operate the engine. It will be possible to change the movements of the motor by including a TP-type toggle switch in the circuit, which provides connection of a capacitor and resistance to different windings.

An electric fly swatter will be useful and easy to assemble and operate.

In order to implement such a mechanism, you will need to assemble a standard blocking generator. At the same time, you will need to remember to insulate the handle of the fly swatter.

Where to find amateur radio circuits and homemade products

Modern sites for radio amateurs offer to make not only useful, but also unusual homemade radios. So, for example, on the Mozgochina website you can find interesting radio electronic circuits for making refrigerator reminders, thermometers that change color depending on the temperature, etc.

Electrical gadgets for everyday life and crafts made from scrap materials for fishing from the site “Visiting Samodelkin” will be interesting and useful.

You can read about how to design, debug and manufacture electronic mechanisms at home in the book “Entertaining Radio Electronics”. New items among homemade radios are often posted on the “Amateur Radio Workshop” website. New issues of the magazine “Radio Amateurs” contain interesting and useful technical materials.

DIY crafts at home (video)

Amateur radio clubs today are popular among both schoolchildren and adults. Master classes and radio circuits presented on various websites allow you to assemble almost any electrical appliance at home. The main thing is to find the necessary diagrams, strictly follow the instructions, and adhere to safety precautions when working with electricity. And you can collect whatever you want!

Schemes of homemade measuring instruments

A device circuit developed on the basis of a classic multivibrator, but instead of load resistors, transistors with opposite main conductivity are included in the collector circuits of the multivibrator.

It's good if you have an oscilloscope in your laboratory. Well, if it is not there and it is not possible to buy it for one reason or another, do not be upset. In most cases, it can be successfully replaced by a logic probe, which allows you to monitor the logical levels of signals at the inputs and outputs of digital integrated circuits, determine the presence of pulses in the controlled circuit and reflect the received information in visual (light-color or digital) or audio (tone signals of various frequencies) forms. When setting up and repairing structures based on digital integrated circuits, it is not always so necessary to know the characteristics of pulses or the exact values ​​of voltage levels. Therefore, logic probes make the setup process easier, even if you have an oscilloscope.

A huge selection of different pulse generator circuits is presented. Some of them generate a single pulse at the output, the duration of which does not depend on the duration of the triggering (input) pulse. Such generators are used for a wide variety of purposes: simulating input signals digital devices, when checking the performance of digital integrated circuits, the need to supply a certain number of pulses to some device with visual control of processes, etc. Others generate sawtooth and rectangular pulses of various frequencies, duty cycle and amplitude

Repair of various components and devices of low-frequency electronic equipment and technology can be significantly simplified if you use a function generator as an assistant, which makes it possible to study the amplitude-frequency characteristics of any low-frequency device, transients and nonlinear characteristics any analog devices, and also has the ability to generate rectangular pulses and simplify the process of setting up digital circuits.

When setting up digital devices, you definitely need one more device - a pulse generator. An industrial generator is a rather expensive device and is rarely on sale, but its analogue, although not as accurate and stable, can be assembled from available radio elements at home

However, creating a sound generator that produces a sinusoidal signal is not easy and quite painstaking, especially in terms of setup. The fact is that any generator contains at least two elements: an amplifier and a frequency-dependent circuit that determines the oscillation frequency. It is usually connected between the output and input of the amplifier, creating a positive feedback(POS). In the case of an RF generator, everything is simple - just an amplifier with one transistor and an oscillating circuit that determines the frequency. For the audio frequency range, it is difficult to wind a coil, and its quality factor is low. Therefore, in the audio frequency range, RC elements are used - resistors and capacitors. They filter the fundamental harmonics quite poorly, and therefore the sine wave signal turns out to be distorted, for example, limited by peaks. To eliminate distortion, amplitude stabilization circuits are used to maintain a low level of the generated signal when the distortion is not yet noticeable. It is the creation of a good stabilizing circuit that does not distort the sinusoidal signal that causes the main difficulties.

Often, after assembling the structure, the radio amateur sees that the device does not work. Humans do not have sense organs that allow them to see. electricity, electromagnetic field or processes occurring in electronic circuits. Radio measuring instruments - the eyes and ears of a radio amateur - help to do this.

Therefore, we need some means of testing and checking telephones and loudspeakers, audio amplifiers, and various sound recording and sound reproducing devices. Such a tool is amateur radio circuits of audio frequency signal generators, or, more simply, a sound generator. Traditionally, it produces a continuous sine wave whose frequency and amplitude can be varied. This allows you to check all ULF stages, find faults, determine the gain, take amplitude-frequency characteristics (AFC) and much more.

We consider a simple homemade amateur radio attachment that turns your multimeter into a universal device for testing zener diodes and dinistors. PCB drawings available

One of the common hobbies of amateurs and professionals in the field of electronics is the design and manufacture of various homemade products for the home. Electronic homemade products do not require large material and financial costs and can be done at home, since work with electronics is, for the most part, “clean”. The only exception is the manufacture of various body parts and other mechanical components.

Useful electronic homemade products can be used in all areas of everyday life, from the kitchen to the garage, where many are engaged in improving and repairing car electronic devices.

Homemade products in the kitchen

Kitchen electronics crafts can be a complement to existing accessories and fixtures. Industrial and homemade electric kebab makers are very popular among apartment residents.

Another common example of kitchen homemade products made by a home electrician is timers and automatic switching on of lights above work surfaces, and electric ignition of gas burners.

Important! Changing the design of some household appliances, especially gas appliances, can cause “misunderstanding and rejection” by regulatory organizations. In addition, it requires great care and attention.

Electronics in the car

Homemade devices for cars are most widely used among owners of domestic brands of vehicles, which are distinguished by a minimal number of additional functions. The following schemes are in wide demand:

• Sound indicators for turns and handbrake;
• Operating mode indicator battery and a generator.

More experienced radio amateurs are equipping their cars with parking sensors, electronic window drives, and automatic light sensors to control low beam headlights.

Homemade crafts for beginners

Most novice radio amateurs are engaged in the manufacture of structures that do not require high qualifications. Simple proven designs can serve for a long time and not only for the sake of benefit, but also as a reminder of the technical “growing up” from a beginner radio amateur to a professional.

For inexperienced hobbyists, many manufacturers produce ready-made construction kits that contain a printed circuit board and a set of elements. Such sets allow you to practice the following skills:

• Reading schematic and wiring diagrams;
• Correct soldering;
• Setup and adjustment using a ready-made method.

Very common among sets Digital Watch various designs and degrees of complexity.

As an area of ​​application of knowledge and experience, radio amateurs can design electronic toys using simpler circuits or modifying industrial designs to suit their wishes and capabilities.

Interesting ideas for crafts can be seen in the examples of making radio-electronic crafts from worn-out computer parts.

Home workshop

For self-design radio-electronic devices a certain minimum of tools, equipment and measuring instruments :

• Soldering iron;
• Side cutters;
• Tweezers;
• Screwdriver Set;
• Pliers;
• Multifunctional tester (avometer).

On a note. When planning to do electronics yourself, you should not immediately take on complex designs and purchase an expensive tool.

Most radio amateurs began their journey by using a simple 220V 25-40W soldering iron, and the most popular Soviet tester, the Ts-20, was used in the home laboratory. All this is enough for practicing with electricity, acquiring the necessary skills and experience.

There is no point in buying an expensive radio for a novice radio amateur. soldering station, if you do not have the necessary experience with a conventional soldering iron. Moreover, the possibility of using the station will not appear soon, but only after sometimes quite a long time.

There is also no need for professional measuring equipment. The only serious device that even a novice amateur may need is an oscilloscope. For those who already understand electronics, an oscilloscope is one of the most sought-after measurement tools.

Inexpensive digital devices made in China can be successfully used as an avometer. Having rich functionality, they have high measurement accuracy, ease of use and, importantly, have a built-in module for measuring transistor parameters.

When talking about a DIY home workshop, one cannot fail to mention the materials used for soldering. This is solder and flux. The most common solder is POS-60 alloy, which has a low melting point and provides high soldering reliability. Most solders used for soldering all kinds of devices are analogues of the mentioned alloy and can be successfully replaced with it.

Ordinary rosin is used as a flux for soldering, but for ease of use it is better to use its solution in ethyl alcohol. Rosin-based fluxes do not require removal from installation after operation, since they are chemically neutral under most operating conditions, and the thin film of rosin formed after evaporation of the solvent (alcohol) exhibits good protective properties.

Important! When soldering electronic components, active fluxes should never be used. This is especially true for soldering acid (zinc chloride solution), since even under normal conditions such flux has a destructive effect on thin copper printed conductors.

To service heavily oxidized terminals, it is better to use active acid-free flux LTI-120, which does not require rinsing.

It is very convenient to work using solder that contains flux. The solder is made in the form of a thin tube, inside of which there is rosin.

For mounting elements, breadboards made of double-sided foil fiberglass, which are produced in a wide range, are well suited.

Security measures

Working with electricity is associated with risks to health and even life, especially if the electronics are designed with your own hands with mains power. Homemade electrical devices should not use transformerless power from a household AC network. As a last resort, such devices should be configured by connecting them to the network through an isolation transformer with a transformation ratio equal to unity. The voltage at its output will correspond to the network voltage, but at the same time reliable galvanic isolation will be ensured.

Those who do radio electronics at home are usually very inquisitive. Amateur radio circuits and homemade products will help you find a new direction in creativity. Perhaps someone will find an original solution to this or that problem. Some homemade products use ready-made devices, connecting them in different ways. For others, you need to completely create the circuit yourself and make the necessary adjustments.

One of the simplest homemade products. More suitable for those who are just starting to craft. If you have an old but working cell phone push-button telephone with a button to turn on the player, you can use it, for example, to make a doorbell for your room. The advantages of such a call:

First you need to make sure that the selected phone is capable of producing a sufficiently loud melody, after which it must be completely disassembled. Basically, the parts are secured with screws or staples, which are carefully folded back. When disassembling, you will need to remember what goes with what, so that later you can put everything back together.

The player's power button is unsoldered on the board, and two short wires are soldered in its place. These wires are then glued to the board so the solder doesn't come off. The phone is going. All that remains is to connect the phone to the call button via a two-wire wire.

Homemade products for cars

Modern cars are equipped with everything you need. However, there are times when it is simply necessary homemade devices. For example, something broke, they gave it to a friend, and the like. That’s when the ability to create electronics with your own hands at home will be very useful.

The first thing you can tamper with without fear of damaging your car is the battery. If you don’t have a battery charger at hand at the right time, you can quickly assemble it yourself. To do this you will need:

A transformer from a tube TV is ideal. Therefore, those who are interested in homemade electronics never throw away electrical appliances in the hope that they will be needed someday. Unfortunately, two types of transformers were used: with one and with two coils. To charge a battery at 6 volts, any will do, but for 12 volts only two.

The wrapping paper of such a transformer shows the winding terminals, the voltage for each winding and the operating current. To power filaments vacuum tubes a voltage of 6.3 V with high current is used. The transformer can be remade by removing unnecessary secondary windings, or leave everything as is. In this case, the primary and secondary windings are connected in series. Each primary is rated at 127 V, so combining them produces 220 V. The secondary are connected in series to produce an output of 12.6 V.

Diodes must withstand a current of at least 10 A. Each diode requires a radiator with an area of ​​at least 25 square centimeters. They connect in diode bridge. Any electrical insulating plate is suitable for fastening. A 0.5 A fuse is included in the primary circuit, and a 10 A fuse in the secondary circuit. The device does not tolerate short circuits, so the polarity should not be confused when connecting the battery.

Simple heaters

During the cold season, it may be necessary to warm up the engine. If the car is parked where there is electrical current, this problem can be solved using a heat gun. To make it you will need:

• asbestos pipe;
• nichrome wire;
• fan;
• switch.

The diameter of the asbestos pipe is selected according to the size of the fan that will be used. The performance of the heater will depend on its power. The length of the pipe is everyone's preference. You can collect it a heating element and a fan, only a heater is possible. When choosing the latter option, you will have to think about how to allow air flow to the heating element. This can be done, for example, by placing all components in a sealed housing.

Nichrome wire is also selected according to the fan. The more powerful the latter, the larger diameter nichrome can be used. The wire is twisted into a spiral and placed inside the pipe. For fastening, bolts are used that are inserted into pre-drilled holes in the pipe. The length of the spiral and their number are selected experimentally. It is advisable that the coil does not become red hot when the fan is running.

The choice of fan will determine what voltage needs to be supplied to the heater. When using a 220 V electric fan, you will not need to use an additional power source.

The entire heater is connected to the network via a cord with a plug, but it itself must have its own switch. It can be either just a toggle switch or an automatic machine. The second option is more preferable, it allows you to protect shared network. To do this, the operation current of the machine must be less than the operation current of the room machine. A switch is also needed to quickly turn off the heater in case of problems, for example, if the fan does not work. This heater has its disadvantages:

• harmful to the body from asbestos pipes;
• noise from a running fan;
• smell from dust falling on the heated coil;
• fire hazard.

Some problems can be solved by using another homemade product. Instead of an asbestos pipe, you can use a coffee can. To prevent the spiral from closing on the jar, it is attached to a textolite frame, which is fixed with glue. A cooler is used as a fan. To power it, you will need to assemble another electronic device - a small rectifier.

Homemade products bring those who do them not only satisfaction, but also benefits. With their help, you can save energy, for example, by turning off electrical appliances that you forgot to turn off. A time relay can be used for this purpose.

The simplest way to create a time-setting element is to use the charging or discharging time of a capacitor through a resistor. Such a chain is included in the base of the transistor. The circuit will require the following parts:

• high-capacity electrolytic capacitor;
• transistor p-n-p type;
• electromagnetic relay;
• diode;
• variable resistor;
• fixed resistors;
• DC source.

First you need to determine what current will be switched through the relay. If the load is very powerful, you will need a magnetic starter to connect it. The starter coil can be connected via a relay. It is important that the relay contacts can operate freely without sticking. Based on the selected relay, a transistor is selected and it is determined what current and voltage it can operate with. You can focus on KT973A.

The base of the transistor is connected through a limiting resistor to a capacitor, which, in turn, is connected through a bipolar switch. The free contact of the switch is connected through a resistor to the power supply negative. This is necessary to discharge the capacitor. The resistor acts as a current limiter.

The capacitor itself is connected to the positive bus of the power source through a variable resistor with high resistance. By selecting the capacitance of the capacitor and the resistance of the resistor, you can change the delay time interval. The relay coil is shunted by a diode, which turns on in the opposite direction. This circuit uses KD 105 B. It closes the circuit when the relay is de-energized, protecting the transistor from breakdown.

The scheme works as follows. In the initial state, the base of the transistor is disconnected from the capacitor, and the transistor is closed. When the switch is turned on, the base is connected to the discharged capacitor, the transistor opens and supplies voltage to the relay. The relay operates, closes its contacts and supplies voltage to the load.

The capacitor begins to charge through a resistor connected to the positive terminal of the power source. As the capacitor charges, the base voltage begins to rise. At a certain value voltage, the transistor closes, de-energizing the relay. The relay switches off the load. In order for the circuit to work again, you need to discharge the capacitor; to do this, switch the switch.

Every day there are more and more, many new articles appear, it is quite difficult for new visitors to immediately find their bearings and review at once everything that has already been written and previously posted.

I would really like to draw the attention of all visitors to individual articles that were posted on the site earlier. So that you don't have to search for a long time necessary information I will make several “entrance pages” with links to the most interesting and useful articles on individual topics.

Let's call the first such page "Useful electronic homemade products." Here we consider simple electronic circuits that can be implemented by people of any skill level. The circuits are built using a modern electronic base.

All information in the articles is presented in a very accessible form and to the extent necessary for practical work. Naturally, to implement such schemes you need to understand at least the basics of electronics.

So, a selection of the most interesting articles on the site on the topic "Useful electronic homemade products". The author of the articles is Boris Aladyshkin.

Modern electronics components greatly simplify circuit design. Even a regular twilight switch can now be assembled from just three parts.

The article describes a simple and reliable electric pump control circuit. Despite the extreme simplicity of the circuit, the device can operate in two modes: water lifting and drainage.

The article provides several diagrams of spot welding machines.

Using the described design, you can determine whether a mechanism located in another room or building is working or not. Information about the operation is the vibration of the mechanism itself.

A story about what a safety transformer is, why it is needed and how you can make it yourself.

Description simple device, disconnecting the load if the mains voltage goes beyond permissible limits.

The article discusses the scheme simple thermostat using an adjustable zener diode TL431.

An article about how to make a device for smoothly switching on lamps using the KR1182PM1 microcircuit.

Sometimes, when the voltage in the network is low or when soldering massive parts, it becomes simply impossible to use a soldering iron. This is where a boost power regulator for a soldering iron can come to the rescue.

An article about how you can replace a mechanical thermostat for an oil heating radiator.

Description of a simple and reliable thermostat circuit for a heating system.

The article describes a converter circuit made on a modern element base, containing a minimum number of parts and allowing to obtain significant power in the load.

An article about various ways to connect a load to a control unit on microcircuits using relays and thyristors.

Description of a simple control circuit for LED garlands.

The design of a simple timer that allows you to turn the load on and off via specified intervals time. Working time and pause time do not depend on each other.

Description of the circuit and operating principle of a simple emergency lamp based on an energy-saving lamp.

A detailed story about the popular “laser-ironing” technology for manufacturing printed circuit boards, its features and nuances.