Hacking a surveillance camera, features and secrets. Eyes wide shut

Description

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Remote access to webcams and surveillance cameras is the most obvious hacking practice. It does not require special software, allowing you to get by with just a browser and simple manipulations. Thousands of digital eyes around the world will become available if you can find their IP addresses and vulnerabilities.

WARNING

The article is of a research nature. It is addressed to security specialists and those who are going to become them. When writing it, public databases were used. Neither the editors nor the author are responsible for the unethical use of any of the information mentioned here.

Eyes wide shut

Video surveillance is used primarily for security, so don't expect funny pictures from the first hacked camera. You may be lucky enough to quickly find an HD feed from a high-end brothel, but more often you will come across boring views of deserted warehouses and parking lots with VGA resolution. If there are people in the frame, then they are mostly waiters in the lobby and zhruns in the cafe. It is much more interesting to observe the operators themselves and the work of all sorts of robots.

IP cameras and webcams are often confused, although they are fundamentally different devices. A network camera, or IP camera, is a self-sufficient surveillance tool. It is controlled via a web interface and independently transmits a video stream over the network. In fact, it is a microcomputer with its own OS based on Linux. An Ethernet (RJ-45) or Wi-Fi network interface allows direct connection to the IP camera. Previously, proprietary client applications were used for this, but most modern cameras are controlled through a browser from any device - even from a computer, even from a smartphone. As a rule, IP cameras are always on and accessible remotely. This is what hackers use.

A webcam is a passive device that is controlled locally from a computer (via USB) or a laptop (if it is built-in) through an operating system driver. This driver can be two different types: universal (pre-installed in the OS and suitable for many cameras different manufacturers) and custom-written for specific model. The hacker's task here is already different: not to connect to the webcam, but to intercept its video stream, which it broadcasts through the driver. The webcam does not have a separate IP address and a built-in web server. Therefore, hacking a webcam is always a consequence of hacking the computer to which it is connected. Let's put the theory aside for now and practice a little.

Hacking surveillance cameras

Hacking IP cameras does not at all mean that someone is in charge of the computer from which the owner watches their video stream. It's just that now he's not watching it alone. These are separate and rather easy goals, but there are enough pitfalls on the way to them.

WARNING

Peeping through cameras can result in administrative and criminal penalties. Usually they give a fine, but not everyone gets off lightly. Matthew Anderson served a year and a half for hacking webcams with a Trojan. Repeating his feat was awarded for four years.

Firstly, remote access to the selected camera can only be supported through a specific browser. Some give fresh Chrome or Firefox, while others only work with old IE. Secondly, the video stream is broadcast on the Internet in different formats. Somewhere to view it you will need to install the VLC plugin, other cameras will require Flash Player, and still others won't show anything without an old version of Java or their own plugin.

Sometimes there are non-trivial solutions. For example, the Raspberry Pi is turned into a video surveillance server with nginx and broadcasts video via RTMP.

By design, the IP camera is protected from intrusion by two secrets: its IP address and account password. In practice, IP addresses are hardly a secret. They are easily detected at standard addresses, and cameras respond equally to requests from search robots. For example, in the following screenshot, you can see that the owner of the camera has disabled anonymous access to the camera and added a CAPTCHA entry to prevent automated attacks. However, using the direct link /index.htm, you can change them without authorization.

Vulnerable surveillance cameras can be found through Google or another search engine using advanced queries. For example:

inurl:"wvhttp-01" inurl:"viewerframe?mode=" inurl:"videostream.cgi" inurl:"webcapture" inurl:"snap.jpg" inurl:"snapshot.jpg" inurl:"video.mjpg"

Another great Internet of Things search engine is ZoomEye. Cameras are found in it by requests device:webcam or device:media device .

You can also search the old fashioned way, tritely scanning ranges of IP addresses in search of a characteristic response from the camera. You can get a list of IP addresses of a certain city on this web service. There's also a port scanner in case you still don't have your own.

We are primarily interested in ports 8000, 8080 and 8888, since they are often set by default. You can find out the default port number for a specific camera in its manual. The number is almost never changed. Naturally, other services can be found on any port, so the search results will have to be further filtered.

RTFM!

Finding out the model of a detected camera is easy: it is usually listed on the front page of the web interface and in its settings.

When I said at the beginning of the article about controlling cameras through a “proprietary client application,” I meant programs like iVMS 4xxx, which comes with Hikvision cameras. On the developer's website, you can read the Russian-language manual for the program and the cameras themselves. If you find such a camera, then with a high probability it will have a factory password, and the program will provide full access to it.

With passwords to surveillance cameras, things are generally extremely fun. On some cameras there is simply no password and there is no authorization at all. Others have a default password, which is easy to find in the camera manual. The site ipvm.com published a list of the most common logins and passwords installed on different models cameras.

It often happens that the manufacturer left a service entrance for service centers in the camera firmware. It remains open even after the camera owner has changed the default password. You can’t read it in the manual, but you can find it on thematic forums.

The big problem is that many cameras use the same GoAhead web server. It has several known vulnerabilities that camera manufacturers are in no hurry to patch.

GoAhead is particularly susceptible to a stack overflow that can be called simple request HTTP GET. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Chinese manufacturers modify GoAhead in their firmware, adding new holes.

In the code of other firmware, there are such blunders as curved conditional jumps. Such a camera opens access if you enter the wrong password or simply press the "Cancel" button several times. During our research, I came across more than a dozen of these cameras. So, if you're tired of sorting through default passwords, try clicking Cancel - there is a chance to suddenly gain access.

Medium and high-end cameras are equipped with swivel mounts. Hacking this, you can change the angle and fully examine everything around. It is especially entertaining to play dragging the camera when, besides you, someone else is trying to control it at the same time. AT general case the attacker gets full control of the camera directly from his browser, simply by accessing the desired address.

When talking about thousands of vulnerable cameras, I want to take a closer look at at least one. I propose to start with the popular manufacturer Foscam. Remember what I said about the service entrances? So Foscam cameras and many others have them. In addition to the built-in admin account, the password for which is recommended to be set when you first turn on the camera, there is another account - operator. Its default password is empty, and rarely anyone guesses to change it.

In addition, Foscam cameras have very recognizable addresses due to template registration. In general, it looks like xxxxxx.myfoscam.org:88 , where the first two xx are Latin letters, and the next four are a serial number in decimal format.

If the camera is connected to the IP DVR, you can not only remotely monitor in real time, but also view the previous recordings.

How the motion detector works

Professional surveillance cameras are equipped with an additional sensor - a motion detector that works even in complete darkness thanks to an IR receiver. This is more interesting than the always-on IR illumination, as it does not unmask the camera and allows it to conduct covert surveillance. People always glow in the near infrared range (at least - living ones). As soon as the sensor detects movement, the controller starts recording. If the photocell indicates low light, the backlight is additionally switched on. And exactly at the time of recording, when it is too late to close from the lens.

Cheap cameras are simpler. They do not have a separate motion sensor, but instead use a frame comparison from the webcam itself. If the picture differs from the previous one, it means that something has changed in the frame and it is necessary to record it. If the movement is not fixed, then the series of frames is simply deleted. This saves space, traffic and time for subsequent rewinding of the video. Most motion detectors are configurable. You can set a trigger threshold to not record any movement in front of the camera, and set up additional alerts. For example, send SMS and the last photo from the camera directly to your smartphone.

The software motion detector is much inferior to the hardware one and often causes incidents. In the course of my research, I came across two cameras that continuously sent alerts and recorded gigabytes of “compromising evidence”. All alarms turned out to be false. The first camera was installed outside some warehouse. It was overgrown with cobwebs that trembled in the wind and drove the motion detector crazy. The second camera was located in the office opposite the blinking lights of the router. In both cases, the trigger threshold was too low.

Webcam Hacking

Webcams that work through universal driver, are often referred to as UVC-compliant (from USB Video Class - UVC). Hacking a UVC camera is easier because it uses a standard and well-documented protocol. However, in any case, in order to gain access to the webcam, an attacker would first have to take control of the computer to which it is connected.

Technically, access to webcams on computers with Windows any version and bit depth is handled through the camera driver, DirectDraw filters and VFW codecs. However, a novice hacker does not need to go into all these details if he is not going to write an advanced backdoor. It is enough to take any "rat" (RAT - Remote Admin Tool) and slightly modify it. funds remote administration just a lot today. In addition to selected backdoors from VX Heaven, there are also quite legitimate utilities, such as Ammyy Admin, LiteManager, LuminosityLink, Team Viewer or Radmin. All that optionally needs to be changed in them is to configure automatic acceptance of requests for remote connection and minimizing the main window. Then it's up to the methods of social engineering.

A code-modified rat is downloaded by the victim via a phishing link or crawls onto their computer by itself through the first hole it finds. For information on how to automate this process, see the article "". By the way, be careful: most of the links to “camera hacking programs” are phishing themselves and can lead you to download malware.

For an ordinary user, most of the time the webcam is inactive. Usually, an LED warns of its activation, but even with such an alert, covert surveillance can be performed. As it turned out, the webcam activity indication can be turned off even if the power of the LED and the CMOS matrix are physically interconnected. This has already been done with the iSight webcams built into the MacBook. Researchers Broker and Checkoway from Johns Hopkins University have written a utility that runs as a simple user and, exploiting a vulnerability in the Cypress controller, replaces its firmware. After iSeeYou is launched by the victim, the attacker is able to turn on the camera without lighting its activity indicator.

Vulnerabilities are regularly found in other microcontrollers. A Prevx specialist collected a whole collection of such exploits and showed examples of their use. Almost all of the vulnerabilities found were related to 0day, but among them were long-known vulnerabilities that manufacturers simply did not intend to fix.

There are more and more ways to deliver exploits, and it is becoming more and more difficult to catch them. Antiviruses often give in to modified ones. PDF files, have preset check limits large files and cannot check encrypted malware components. Moreover, polymorphism or constant recompilation of the payload has become the norm, so signature analysis has long faded into the background. Deploying a Trojan that allows remote access to a webcam has become extremely simple today. This is one of the popular pastimes among trolls and script kiddies.

Turning a webcam into a surveillance camera

Any webcam can be turned into a kind of IP camera if you install a video surveillance server on the device connected to it. On computers, many people use the old webcamXP, the slightly newer webcam 7 and similar programs for this purpose.

There is similar software for smartphones - for example, Salient Eye. This program can save videos to cloud hosting, freeing up the local memory of the smartphone. However, there are enough holes in such programs and the OS itself, so hacking webcams controlled by them often turns out to be no more difficult than IP cameras with leaky firmware.

Smartphone as a means of surveillance

Recently, old smartphones and tablets are often adapted for home video surveillance. Most often, Android Webcam Server is installed on them - a simple application that broadcasts a video stream from a built-in camera to the Internet. It accepts requests on port 8080 and opens the control panel to the aptly named /remote.html page. Once on it, you can change the camera settings and watch the image directly in the browser window (with or without sound).

Usually such smartphones show rather dull pictures. It is unlikely that you are interested in looking at a sleeping dog or at a car parked near the house. However, Android Webcam Server and similar applications can be used differently. In addition to the rear camera, smartphones also have a front camera. Why don't we turn it on? Then we will see the other side of the life of a smartphone owner.

Peep protection

The first thing that comes to most people's minds after demonstrating easy camera hacking is to tape them up. The owners of webcams with shutters believe that their problem of peeping does not concern them, and in vain. Eavesdropping is also possible, because, in addition to the lens, the cameras have a microphone.

Developers of antiviruses and other complexes software protection use confusion in terminology to promote their products. They intimidate with cam hacking statistics (which are really impressive when IP cameras are included), while they offer a webcam access control solution, and a technically limited one at that.

The protection of IP cameras can be increased simple means: by updating the firmware, changing the password, port and disabling Accounts by default, as well as by enabling IP address filtering. However, this is not enough. Many firmwares have unresolved bugs that allow access without any authorization - for example, by standard address web pages with LiveView or settings panel. When you find another leaky firmware, you just want to update it remotely!

Webcam hacking is a completely different matter. This is always the tip of the iceberg. Usually, by the time the attacker has gained access to it, he has already managed to frolic on local drives, steal the accounts of all accounts or make the computer part of a botnet.

The same Kaspersky Internet Security prevents unauthorized access only to the webcam video stream. It won't stop a hacker from changing her settings or turning on her microphone. The list of models it protects is officially limited to Microsoft and Logitech webcams. Therefore, the "webcam protection" function should be taken only as an addition.

Peeping sites

A separate problem is attacks related to the implementation of camera access control in browsers. Many sites offer communication services using the camera, so requests for access to it and its built-in microphone pop up in the browser ten times a day. The peculiarity here is that the site can use a script that opens a pop-under (an additional window in the background). This child window is given the permissions of the parent window. When you close the main page, the microphone remains on in the background. Because of this, a scenario is possible in which the user thinks that he has finished the conversation, but in fact the interlocutor (or someone else) continues to hear him.

Hacking outdoor and indoor surveillance cameras today can be carried out by almost every web user, for this you will need to both know the ip of the device connected to the network, and you can do without it. As an example, it will take a look at a few basic methods that actually work (and for some of them, potential hackers have already managed to get time). It is possible that a potential hacker of the system does not need to know ip in order to hack the camera using other methods for this purpose.

SQL Injection Technique

Enough original way SQL injection, which was put into practice by a resident of Poland. The essence of the technique lies in the formation of a certain set of incoming data, through which a certain command of the language used today to work with a set of relational parameters on the web is included. For this, the ip address may not be required, it is enough just to know the features of the formation of data systems through the language.

Working conditions are important, namely:

• Quite incorrect ability to process login parameters.
• A thorough set of knowledge of the very structure and specifics of the cracker database.
• The presence of certain rights that are relevant for subsequent work with SQL commands, from the web.

This approach will allow you to perform many tasks in the target web base, in particular, and hack the camera (for example, it can be the same web camera installed as an element of the surveillance system). Methodology SQL injection can be perfectly used in case of exceeding the speed by the driver of the vehicle. The main secret lies in the original number vehicle, which in fact, when transmitted to the camera, will look like incorrectly entered data, and the program for entering it into the database of violators will not be able to recognize and fix it.

Software use

Hacking a webcam can be easily done through the use of special software. Truth, key feature you can call the need to find out the ip of the user, in whatever region he may be. Checking the user's ip is quite simple, you just need to receive a message from him, any other information, in the system data of which the corresponding address will be indicated. It is worth noting that ip can be defined for both dynamic and floating parameters, regardless of the location of the potential object. The only exception will be the use of a proxy, in which case the ip will be hidden, but with cameras this is rare, hacking a web laptop should go without any problems.

The program is one of the methods of hacking CCTV cameras

After the ip has been identified, you need to start working with software, which is offered today on the web in just a huge variety of options. The effectiveness of the program depends on the choice, because not all of the web networks programs will allow you to quickly and reliably hack the system. For example, one can single out quite popular in all respects in web program called ICMHacker, convenient and accessible to any user.

One of the systems for protecting cameras from possible hacking will be an optimally developed password system. For example, Samsung products will require the owner to change the factory passwords to their own. An open issue is the administrator password, which can become available to any web users, but manufacturers are actively working to eliminate the problem, eliminating the possibility of hacking.