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Ideal reference model. Process approach to IT management

The theory of adaptive systems arose in connection with the need to solve a wide class of applied problems for which traditional methods that require knowledge of an adequate mathematical model of the object are unacceptable. The higher the quality of traditional (non-adaptive) management methods, the more a priori information about the object itself and the conditions of its functioning. In practice, it is quite difficult to provide an accurate mathematical description of the control object. For example, the dynamic characteristics of aircraft strongly depend on the flight mode, technological variations, and atmospheric conditions. Under these conditions, traditional methods are often inapplicable or do not provide the required quality of the automatic control system.

In this regard, already at the initial stage of development of the theory of automatic control, a very effective way of constructing control systems that did not require complete a priori information about the object and the conditions of its functioning seemed to be very effective.

The effect of adaptation to operating conditions in adaptive systems is ensured by accumulating and processing information about the behavior of an object during its operation, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the impact of uncertainty on the quality of control, compensating for the lack of a priori information at the system design stage.

A control system that automatically determines the required control law by analyzing the behavior of an object during current control is called adaptive .

Adaptive systems can be divided into two large classes: self-organizing and self-adjusting.

B with self-organizing systems in the process of operation, a control algorithm (its structure and parameters) is formed, which allows optimizing the system from the point of view of the set control goal (CO). This kind of problem arises, for example, in conditions of changes in the structure and parameters of the control object depending on the operating mode, when a priori information is not enough to determine the current mode. Given a wide class of possible object structures, it is difficult to hope for the choice of a single control algorithm structure capable of ensuring the closed system achieves the control goal in all operating modes. Thus, we are talking about synthesis with a free regulator structure. The obvious complexity of the problem statement does not allow us to hope for simple algorithms for solving it, and, consequently, for the widespread introduction of systems into practice at present.

The task is significantly simplified if the structure of the control object is known and unchanged, and the behavior depends on a number of constant parameters. The problem is solved in the class of self-tuning systems (SNS), in which the structure of the controller is given (pre-selected) and it is only necessary to determine the algorithm for adjusting its coefficients (adaptation algorithm).

Self-adjusting system automatic control is a system that independently changes its dynamic characteristics in accordance with changing external conditions in order to achieve the optimal output of the system. In the case of self-adjusting flight control systems, such an optimal output of the system will be an optimal response to external disturbances.

CNNs are divided into two subclasses: search and non-search. In search CNNs, the minimum (or maximum) quality measure (plant performance, fuel consumption, etc.) is searched using specially organized search signals. The simplest search engines are the majority of extreme systems in which the lack of a priori information is compensated by current information obtained in the form of an object’s reaction to artificially introduced search (trial, test) influences.

In non-search CNNs, there is an explicit or implicit model with the desired dynamic characteristics. The task of the adaptation algorithm is to adjust the controller coefficients in such a way as to reduce the mismatch between the control object and the model to zero. Such control is called direct adaptive control, and systems - adaptive systems with a reference model .

In the case of indirect adaptive control, the object is first identified and then the corresponding controller coefficients are determined. Such regulators are called self-adjusting.

With direct adaptive control, the adaptation loops operate in a closed cycle, which makes it possible to counter changes in the parameters of the object and the controller during operation. However, each self-tuning loop increases the order of the system by at least one, and at the same time significantly affects the overall dynamics of the closed system.

In the case of indirect adaptive control, the self-tuning loops operate in an open loop and, therefore, do not affect the dynamics of the system. However, all identification errors, deviations in plant and controller parameters significantly affect the control accuracy. In non-search self-adjusting systems, the reference model can be implemented in the form of a real dynamic link (explicit model) or present in the form of some reference equation connecting the controlled variables and their derivatives (implicit model). In the implicit model, the coefficients of the reference equation are parameters of the adaptation algorithm.

Figure 1 shows one of the adaptive control options often used in actuator drives, where the controller parameters are adjusted by the control computer according to a reference model.

Reference model shows the ideal desired response of the system to the command signal g(t). Typical links of automatic control systems (for example, an aperiodic link) are used as a reference model. The PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller parameters are adjusted to minimize the mismatch between the output of the model and the actual system.

The task of the tuning loop is to reduce this mismatch to zero in a certain time while guaranteeing the stability of the transient process. This problem is far from trivial - it can be shown that it cannot be solved with linear relations “error – controller coefficients”. For example, the following algorithm for setting parameters is proposed in the literature:

where k are the adjustable coefficients of the PID controller; A is a constant coefficient that specifies the speed of adaptation.

Rice. 1. Block diagram of an adaptive system with a reference model

The gradient function determines the sensitivity of the error c(t) to the variation of the controller coefficients. The absolute stability of a closed-loop system, which is essentially nonlinear, is ensured by selecting parameter A in the setup program. Thus, to implement adaptive control according to this scheme, the control computer must solve the following problems in real time:

generate a master signal for the controlled system;
calculate the ideal response using the reference model;
calculate the controller coefficients in accordance with the setup program, determine the current error and issue a control signal to the input of the mechatronic module.

In addition to the considered block diagram with a reference model, other methods are known automatic settings parameters and structure of regulators.

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The article discusses and substantiates options for opening low-amplitude floating gas deposits. As a result, the design features of the development of such facilities were identified. In particular, it is necessary to change the existing approach to the placement of well pads and the pattern of well clustering in such deposits. Options for drilling and completing wells, design layouts for wells and well pads, and recommendations for increasing the accuracy and reliability of technological calculations using hydrodynamic models are presented.

When adapting the model, a good combination of actual and calculated using the “classical” scheme was obtained<...>Geological gas reserves in the sector model are 3.5 billion m3.<...> <...>Placement of a horizontal well in the filtration model (a) and its “segment model” (b) (impermeable<...>Placement of a well with a “bowl-shaped” profile in the filtration model (a) and its “segment model” (descent

The work analyzes the main features of three-dimensional modeling of various geological objects, formulates the requirements for three-dimensional modeling systems and software aimed at supporting it. The most important information, characterizing the capabilities of the COMMODORE computer three-dimensional object-oriented modeling system

The Geological Dictionary defines a model as an abstract or material representation of objects<...>Of the above models, mathematical ones have the greatest versatility and functionality.<...>models that are now becoming prevalent, which is greatly facilitated by<...>Development of three-dimensional computer models of geological media // Vestn. Voronezh. un-ta.<...>System for creating three-dimensional models of geological objects // Vestn. Voronezh. un-ta.

The need to assess the forces of lifting structures from water-saturated soil arises when removing offshore gravity drilling platforms from the bottom soil when they are rearranged, as well as in the case of the action of significant wave or wind loads on them, causing significant lifting forces. The possibility of an experimental method for studying such complex systems is limited. When solving problems of this kind, theoretical analysis is preferable. However, the known solutions to this problem did not take into account the stickiness of the soil. A refined computational model of the process of detachment of shallow structures from water-saturated soil has been developed, taking into account the deformability of the skeleton and the stickiness of the soil. Shown, that this model allows you to evaluate the main parameters of the lifting process: the magnitude of the load when lifting a structure from the ground; the duration of application of the load required to lift the structure off the ground; lifting time and intensity of lifting load at different rates of its increase. It has been established that increasing the duration of lifting a structure by reducing the rate of increase in the lifting load leads to a decrease in the force required to lift the structure from the ground. The resulting calculation model makes it possible to optimize the process of detaching a structure from water-saturated soil and can be used, for example, in work related to the removal of offshore gravity drilling platforms from the bottom soil when they are rearranged

The proposed refined calculation model of the separation process allows us to determine the main parameters of the process<...>soil deconsolidation, which occurs when a structure is lifted from the ground, can be described using the “basic calculation model<...>The proposed calculation model of the process of detachment of a structure from water-saturated soil allows us to estimate:<...>Thus, the developed calculation model of the process of detachment of a shallow structure from the ground

The article contains methodological sections and is intended for trained readers who have initial experience with the Actor Pilgrim simulation system, as well as those familiar with publications in the journal “Applied Informatics”.

model tracing mode.<...>which complicates the model.<...> <...>Modernization and execution of models Modernization of models.<...>The Run Model key simply transfers control to the model exe file.

MARKET STRUCTURES OF THE REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES

M.: ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS, LABOR AND MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE

The purpose of the study was to develop scientific and methodological foundations for the formation of market structures of the regional agro-industrial complex.

The development of a model of market structures was carried out using the method of organizational and economic design<...>LLC "Agency Book-Service" 4 logiy of their study. analysis and design, and, finally, themselves standard models <...>They have practical value for production" methodological developments, recommendations, market models<...>methodological provisions are revealed for determining the demand for products and agricultural raw materials, developing models<...>Lindsay in the book "Market: a microeconomic model" write that...

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LOCATION OF SUGAR BEET PRODUCTION IN CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

production on sugar yield per I hectare and their reliability was obtained using the following correlation-regression model<...>-h. labor, rub. "All factors included in the model are significant at significance levels of B=0.01 and 0.05.<...>The coefficient of determination indicates that the factors included in the model explain 65*" variations<...>beet production in the south-west zone. . "*. : ... "-." " * / " *" Eg:ono:lsh:o-g,at"o:attp1st model<...>transportation^and "perera-Y" BOT OF RAW MATERIALS. . " with "*G", 4 H*1/," ".\.\ ;" X" models

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Political Science Guidelines

“Political culture: models and reality” - M., 1990 Rukavishnikov V., Khalmyan L., Esther P.<...>Political Culture: Theory and National Models. Rep. ed. Gadzhiev K.S. M., 1994.-260 p.<...>"Civilized model" of international relations and its implications. // Polis.-1995.-P.70-75.<...>Authoritarianism and democracy: two models .// Polis.-1996.-No. 6.-P.38-54. Morozova L.A.

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Theory and methodology of cycling. Section 4. “Teaching the technique of moving a bicycle, improving technical skills” course of lectures on the theory and methodology of cycling for students of the Russian State University of Physical Culture and Sports, studying in the specialty 032101.65 “Physical culture and sports”

M.: RGUFKSMiT

Cycling is one of the most rapidly developing sports in the world, the most popular and widespread summer Olympic sport in our country. The need to introduce the course “Theory and Methods of Cycling” is due to the favorable natural and climatic conditions for cycling, the ease of mastering the movements of a cyclist, the lack of need for special expensive sports facilities intended for cycling, and the economic availability of cycling equipment. These factors, combined with the highest health-improving effect compared to other physical training means of motor activity, allowed the bicycle to become a national means of improving the health of Russians, including the disabled, almost throughout their entire lives - from 3-4 years to 80-90 years of age. The educational material “Lecture Course” on the theory and methodology of cycling is built in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education for a cycle of special disciplines based on the curriculum for specialty 032101.65 “ Physical Culture and sport”, specialization “Theory and methodology of a chosen sport”. The purpose of the course of lectures is to organize independent work of students to master the theoretical material of the academic discipline “Theory and Methods of Cycling”. The objectives of the course of lectures are to reveal the content of the academic discipline “Theory and Methods of Cycling”, to provide students with the most relevant information on the academic discipline “Theory and Methods of Cycling”, as well as to manage the cognitive activity of students.

independent thinking skills, development of abilities for self-analysis and self-control, orientation towards the “model”<...>This includes “bicycle cyclist”, “bicycle athlete”, “bicycle racer” and, finally, “reference system<...>Study of hypoxia in skeletal muscle using a mathematical model // Special and clinical physiology

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INTENSIFICATION OF OPERATION OF BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT STRUCTURES USING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

M.: ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL INDUSTRY OF THE RUSSIA ACADEMY

The purpose and objectives of the work. The purpose of the research was to develop the theoretical and applied foundations of technologies and methods for intensifying the operation of biological treatment facilities using electromagnetic fields, allowing to increase their technical and economic efficiency and environmental safety of treated wastewater for open reservoirs. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following problems: study the kinetics of processes associated with the mechanism of extracellular destruction of organic compounds and create a model of the biochemical breakdown of complex organic substrates; identify patterns of influence of electromagnetic activation of the sludge mixture on the oxidative capacity of the biocenosis and the value of the sludge index; develop a new reagent-free technology for water disinfection, test and study the conditions for its technical implementation; develop and research technology for deep removal of polyphosphates, study the effect of electromagnetic activation on the efficiency of the process;

General patterns are noted in a number of mathematical models of biological wastewater treatment systems.<...>Models based on the two-phase theory of pollution removal are analyzed.<...>Copyright OJSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 21 Mathematical model The methodology is based<...>Tomsk, 2003. S. 48-55 Patents and utility models: 28. Patent No. 2126772 dated 02.27.99.<...>Certificate for “Utility model” No. 2001115272/20 (016344) dated 04.07. 2000

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Guidelines for preparing for practical classes in the academic discipline “Innovation Infrastructure” in the specialty: 220601 – Innovation Management

Publishing house PGUTI

Guidelines for preparing for practical classes in the discipline “Innovation Infrastructure” were prepared at the Department of “Electronic Commerce”, intended for students of all forms of study in the specialty 220601 - Innovation Management and are a guide to their implementation by students. They contain a set of questions and assignments covering the main theoretical and applied aspects of innovation management in a company, allowing students to apply the theoretical knowledge they have acquired, the ability to select, systematize, analyze and summarize materials in conditions of incomplete information and constant changes in real problematic market situations.

What main models of innovative development have been developed?<...>Olina; Keynesian models of dynamic development (R. Harrod and E.<...>Unlike the Western model (market plus democracy), the Asian model was initially built on the leading<...>What models of organizational support for R&D results are used?<...>Models of organizational support for R&D results Three main models of organizational

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REGULARITIES AND MODELS OF WATER MIGRATION OF IONS IN SOILS OF ARID AND SEMIARID AREAS ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN, ORDER OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION AND ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER M. V. LOMONOSOV

The purpose of the work was to develop theoretical foundations and methods for studying patterns; water migration of ions in soils of arid and semiarid regions using mathematical modeling in connection with topical issues of soil reclamation forecasting, soil protection and increasing the bioproductivity of agrocenoses.

actions of processes and factors General methods for constructing models The meaning of some model parameters<...>t Building a complex migration model Finding parameters Model checking and quality assessment Computational<...>"G."-*"* "; *ь""/« ""J;":- * . .;._" "" "; ",„"-:"" , "Both model B and model C reproduce well<...>" . > ; "I Model .B+R.<...>Designed by Anna with Christmas trees of the YVNA model.";;.

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Fundamentals of physical education at university. allowance

Publishing house PGUTI

The material in the manual allows you to systematize and deepen knowledge on the basic theory of the discipline “Physical Culture and Sports”. It is intended to briefly introduce the basic concepts and terms that should improve the level of physical education. The textbook was developed in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education for the profile of bachelor and specialist in all areas.

Since it was said about the beauty of the male figure, we will give examples of the standards of the female figure.<...>Thus, the standard of the female figure in 2980 BC. was the Venus of Willendor, a symbol of fertility.<...>JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 1880 ideal woman of the 19th century "corsage model<...>Today, elite sport is still the only model of activity in which outstanding record holders<...>Mental work Human activity to transform the conceptual model formed in his mind

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No. 11 [Oilfield Engineering, 2017]

Equipment and technology for development, production, collection, transportation, preparation of oil and gas, methods of influencing the formation and increasing oil recovery, routine overhauls of equipment.

The well model consists of three “connections” of cells of the hydrodynamic model with the well model and three<...>These models are presented in Fig. 4.<...>Schematic representation various models formation in a horizontal section: a – homogeneous model; b<...>The average multiple correlation coefficient for models across groups increased compared to models<...>models

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No. 5 [Applied Informatics / Journal of Applied Informatics, 2013]

The journal "Applied Informatics" is the successor to the collection of the same name, published since 1981 by the publishing house "Finance and Statistics". Covers current trends in the development of applied computer science. Most of the materials are devoted to applied issues: application information technologies in such areas as e-marketing and commerce, training of IT specialists, information systems, mathematical and computer modelling, Information Security. Since 2006, the magazine has been a founding member of a number of international and all-Russian conferences, and also provides information support to organizing committees in holding such events. The publication is included in the List of Higher Attestation Commissions of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

domain of e-government architecture, the so-called reference standards are being developed and constantly refined<...>The reference models noted are, in essence, specific guidelines that provide general<...>As a result, information was supplied to the receptors about the difference between the reference oscillation frequency and that recorded in<...>This task is also relevant for models created according to the “Standard model design” option, and especially for models<...>Modernization and execution of models Modernization of models.

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Practical thinking: theoretical problems and applied aspects [monograph]

The monograph is a summary of the research and theoretical developments of the Yaroslavl scientific school team devoted to the problem of practical thinking. The work is divided into two main sections. The first section is devoted to theoretical and research problems of practical thinking. It consists of four parts: “Practical thinking in the context of general theoretical problems of psychological science.” “Practical thinking in the interaction of the subject with the world”, “Transformative orientation of practical thinking” and “Subject of practical thinking. Experience and construction of the situation.” The second section, presented in the fifth part of the monograph “Methodological aspect of the study and diagnosis of the characteristics of practical thinking,” includes practice-oriented developments of the team in the field of research and diagnosis of the characteristics of practical thinking.

The main function of this model, obviously, is to implement synthesis templates, reference solutions<...>This fact may indicate a larger repertoire of standards (models) available to them for a given situation<...>Perhaps this is also due to the low diversity of the alphabet of situation standards.<...>adequate evaluation standards; e) weakness of regulatory mechanisms.<...>Based on the method of constructing models - updating the relevant standards for situational ones and analyzing

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Algorithmization of applied problems textbook. allowance

M.: FLINTA

The materials of the textbook were prepared on the basis of the results of research conducted by the author and theoretical generalizations on the algorithmization of applied problems solved on electronic computers. Due attention is paid to the provisions and recommendations of a methodological nature, so that the materials of the manual can serve as a methodological guide for the reader’s independent work on the practical development and description of algorithms in the interests of their software implementation.

<...>analytical model.<...>models<...>Stochastic models, in turn, are divided into models of random states and models of randomized<...>models

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No. 4 [Molecular genetics, microbiology and virology, 2013]

Founded in 1983. The editor-in-chief of the journal is Sergei Viktorovich Kostrov - corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, professor, Doctor of Biological Sciences, director of the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The journal covers the most current theoretical and applied problems of molecular genetics of pro- and eukaryotic organisms, molecular microbiology and molecular virology. The journal assigns an important role to research into the genetic apparatus of microorganisms, research into the forms of genetic exchange, genetic mapping of pathogenic pathogens, elucidation of the structure and functions of extrachromosomal factors of heredity and migrating genetic elements, and theoretical studies of the mechanisms of genetic regulation. Publishes the results of studies of the molecular and genetic foundations of the eukaryotic cell, the functioning of chromosomes and chromatin, the nature of genetic changes during malignant degeneration and a number of hereditary diseases. The pages of the journal highlight the development of the molecular foundations of virology, including issues of integration of viral and cellular genomes, issues of persistence.

Despite the fact that mice do not suffer from whooping cough and are not an adequate experimental model for humans<...>, today the “mouse model” is used to study some characteristics of the infectious<...>The experimental model we propose can be used not only to study the dynamics of accumulation

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No. 6 [Geology, geophysics and development of oil and gas fields, 2012]

When constructing a hydrodynamic model (as the final model used in field development<...>A characteristic feature of the RPT models obtained on the basis of the Purcell model is their good convergence<...>Two models of a hydrocarbon deposit in a structure complicated by a fault: a – traditional model –<...>The second version of the alternative model of the Usinsk field is the plicative model, based<...>, similar to the well-known P. model.

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World economy

Models of industrialization. 6.<...>What is the difference between the economic model of the EU countries and the American model? 19.<...>What are the features of the Japanese economic model? 21.<...>Differences between the American economic model and the Western European one. 2.<...>Highly developed countries have switched to an innovative development model.

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No. 4 [Automation, telemechanization and communications in the oil industry, 2016]

Development and maintenance of measuring instruments, automation, telemechanization and communication, automated control systems, information systems, CAD and metrological, mathematical, software

Version "C" for wells 7 In-line moisture meters models L and F (model F) (Phase Dynamics Inc.,<...>Flow velocity 0.7…4.6 m/s 8 RFM WCM moisture meters models LC, HC and FC (FC model) (Roxar Flow Measurement<...>Operating models are hydrodynamic models of the "inflow-lift-network" class, implemented on simplified<...>Mathematical model .<...> Keywords: optimal control; integrated model; operating model; intellectual

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No. 2 [Geology, geophysics and development of oil and gas fields, 2014]

Methods for comprehensive assessment of oil and gas potential of territories, calculation of reserves; issues of assessing the influence of geological and physical factors on field development indicators.

A spatiotemporal model of the formation and propagation of ZNGN in the sub-domanik oil and gas complexes has been carried out,<...>Having accepted the injection model of the process of occurrence of a deposit, several options can be calculated<...>During the research, sedimentological models of the D4 formation of neighboring fields were analyzed<...>The prediction of thicknesses and properties based on the constructed model was subsequently confirmed by a drilled well.<...>Key words: geology; sedimentology; seismic exploration; sedimentation model.

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No. 6 [Intellectual Property Exchange, 2010]

Economic and legal problems of transfer of high technologies, creation and use of facilities intellectual property, regulations, court decisions.

scenario B2, based on traditional assumptions about the impact of technological progress in the model<...>As follows from Fig. 5, in the traditional model, carbon emissions from energy use and industry<...>So far, the device exists only in the form of a model, but people have already become interested in it the most important Russian <...>Dependence of excess heat capacity ΔСV on temperature and grain size of a model nanocrystal Copyright<...>Type of result of intellectual activity (invention, utility model, industrial design, topology

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No. 11 [Posev, 1988]

Social and political magazine. Published since November 11, 1945, published by the publishing house of the same name. The motto of the magazine is “God is not in power, but in truth” (Alexander Nevsky). The frequency of the magazine has changed. Initially published as a weekly publication, for some time it was published twice a week, and from the beginning of 1968 (number 1128) the magazine became monthly.

In 1974, the Pinochet regime adopted the "Chicago model" of economic development, based on<...>free trade and enterprise and which is the opposite of the socialist model<...>"Copying the Western market model based on private property is fundamentally unacceptable for<...>socio-economic, political, personal rights and freedoms, then the totalitarian regime (in the current, “Leninist” model

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Geometrodynamics, a program for developing algorithms for constructing analytical solutions to equations describing two-dimensional and three-dimensional motions of continuous media: monograph

Russian Federal Nuclear Center - All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics

The monograph briefly outlines a new approach to the geometrization of physical theory and some of its applications. It is a version of a unified field theory based on a conformally invariant generalization of the general theory of relativity. Due to conformal (scale) symmetry, the method is suitable for use not only in cosmology, but also in physics of ordinary scales, as well as in microphysics.

point of view, this is quite sufficient, since in Nature there are no absolute dimensional values, standard<...>In other words, the laws of Nature and the results of experiments should not depend on what scales (standards<...>One-dimensional model of the original 2-dimensional surface.<...>for the Ising model and the Potts model with Q states), states that the partition functions of spin models<...>State model The state model proposed by Kaufman eliminates all intersections of a given link

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No. 3 [Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin, 2006]

The stock market is less developed compared to the outsider model: its Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM &<...>Under the insider model, it is almost impossible to carry out a hostile takeover.<...>In countries with an insider model, the role of the stock market in the redistribution of free Money <...>The same model is used by Sina.com, a leading Internet portal in China.<...>Formation of an open model of regional development.

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No. 6 [USA and Canada: economics, politics, culture, 2018]

The liberal economic model is confirmed by the fact that in recent years the share of private industries<...>"Ironically, precisely because the danger that threatens the world from the model of domination today<...>And for the first time in the history of the human race, the partnership model may be the only condition<...>To search for the most adequate models of modernization, the Japanese went to developed countries for experience.<...>However, the process of adapting the American financial model to Japanese conditions was not easy.

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No. 8 [Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin, 2007]

The magazine, established by the All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade in 1996, is an authoritative scientific, analytical, educational and methodological monthly publication in the field of foreign economic activity. The pages of the magazine touch on current problems of the world economy and international relations, discuss the most important issues for the state of Russia's export-import policy, increasing its competitiveness in various commodity markets. Among the authors of articles published in the journal are well-known scientists and highly competent specialists from many sectors of the economy of various regions and cities of Russia. The magazine actually became the center of attraction for foreign economic ideas throughout the country.

reforms, including the Washington Consensus model of the International Monetary Fund.<...>models are, from our point of view, the most realistic.<...>The components of this model are contained in Scheme 1.<...>The most practically applicable are the binomial method and the Black-Scholes model.<...>In 1997, the creators of the model were awarded the Nobel Prize.

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No. 1 [Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2011]

To solve the set tasks, we used a model for the formation of long-term adaptation in<...>The neuroprotective effect was studied in cell cultures of cerebellar granules of 7-day-old rats in the K+ model<...>Here and in Fig. 2, 3: I - control, II - model, III - model + postnatal treatment, IV - model + afobazole<...>, 1 mg/kg, V - model + afobazole, 10 mg/kg.<...>The Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) rat strain is widely used as a model of convulsive conditions

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No. 2 [Problems of social hygiene, health care and history of medicine, 2012]

A delivery model has been developed medical care patients with back pain, the implementation of which allows<...>It is worth highlighting two models of general medical practices working in rural areas: 1st - GP serves adults<...>Such a model was the AGP of the Belinsky rural municipal district, where the doctor serves the adult and pediatric population,<...>The choice as a model of general hospitalization without assigned first aid stations was made with the aim of rationing labor and further<...>Therefore, there cannot be a single AFP model that is equally applicable to any rural area.

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No. 12 [Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2011]

The journal contains planned work of research institutions in the form of short original reports on topical issues of biology and medicine, containing new significant scientific results. Editor-in-Chief, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences V.A. Tutelyan Headings of the journal “Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine”: - Physiology - General pathology and pathological physiology - Biophysics and biochemistry - Pharmacology and toxicology - New drugs - Immunology and microbiology - Allergology - Genetics - Virology - Oncology - Ecology - Nanotechnology - New biomedical technologies - Experimental methods - clinic - Biogerontology - Primatology - Sports medicine - Experimental biology - Morphology and pathomorphology - Methods.

618 Effects of heparin on synaptic activity in the model<...>....................... 623 Inotropic and chronotropic effects of ischemic postconditioning in the model<...>There is no generally accepted in vitro model of PV.<...>The purpose of this work is to evaluate the inotropic and chronotropic effects of different models of cardiac PV in vitro.<...>To estimate the time (t*) of combining chiral molecules into an associate, we used a cellular model

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Basic financial instruments for regulating innovative entrepreneurship. allowance

The theoretical and methodological aspect of the intellectual property of business entities is considered in detail. Intended for students, masters, graduate students of economic fields and specialties of all forms of study.

Features of legal protection and use of utility models Legal protection of utility models is carried out<...>The owner of the exclusive right to a utility model provided by a utility model certificate<...>, and the employer in the case of official creation of utility models.<...>utility model to others.<...>invention, utility model patent, industrial design patent.

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No. 6 [Legality, 2012]

As you know, over the past decade and a half in Russia, legislation has been actively updated, on some issues - radically, many legal institutions are undergoing significant changes, and new ones are being introduced. During this time, the magazine’s pages published many discussion articles about the place and role of the prosecutor’s office in our society and state, dedicated to judicial reform, the new Criminal Procedure Code, jury trials, investigation reform in the prosecutor’s office, etc. But this was never to the detriment of materials about the exchange experience and comments on legislation, complex issues of law enforcement practice. Essays on highly acclaimed prosecutors are also regularly published. The magazine has an established team of authors, which includes well-known scientists and passionate law enforcement officers from almost all regions of Russia.

Book-Service" THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PROSECUTORAL SUPERVISION 17 At first glance, the model chosen by the legislator<...>appellate instance in courts of general jurisdiction, I would like to note that the so-called “ideal model

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Religion of Dmitry Merezhkovsky. “Neo-Christian” doctrine and its artistic embodiment monograph

M.: FLINTA

The monograph is a systematic study of the religious, philosophical and artistic heritage of D.S. Merezhkovsky - one of the brightest “spiritual leaders” of the literary and philosophical process at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The author analyzes the essence and main components of Merezhkovsky’s “non-Christian” doctrine and, based on the definition of a single “picture of the world” of the writer and thinker, builds a holistic concept of his work. The assessment of the specifics of the original heretical religion of the “Third Testament of the Holy Spirit”, created by Merezhkovsky and the leaders of the so-called “new religious consciousness” in contrast to the traditional Orthodox Christian doctrine, allows us to clearly demonstrate where the “non-traditional” search for God leads. In general, the study contributes to a significant clarification and adjustment of existing ideas about religious and artistic modernism in Russia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.

Matic models of sexual behavior (hence the researcher’s “hippiusocentrism” is not accidental).<...>serves as material for developing an “ideal model” of the Gnostic system.<...>It is she who marks the “earthly sex” in its standard expression; it is, as it were, the apotheosis of such a sex.<...>norms of ascesis, and he, in turn, as an ideal type of Orthodox saint, was a kind of standard<...>But in this case, the preference in choosing Catholic saints as a standard

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Additional education of students as a career prospect: from the student bench to the chair of the head of II Interuniversity. seminar on additional problems Education: Sat. scientific articles

The collection publishes science articles inter-university seminar on the problems of additional education “Additional education of students as a career prospect: from the student bench to the manager’s chair”, held at the Faculty of Additional Education of the Kazan National Research Technological University in October-December 2012.

3) assessing the effectiveness of the model.<...>; determination of theoretical prerequisites for the development of the model.<...>achieving success over the model of avoiding failure.<...>Personnel management models: research, development, implementation / E.<...>events occurring in society in recent decades are changing stereotypes of femininity and masculinity, standards

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No. 1 [Problems of social hygiene, health care and history of medicine, 2012]

Founded in 1994. The editor-in-chief of the magazine is Oleg Prokopievich Shchepin - academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, scientific director of the National Research Institute of Public Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. The magazine covers theoretical issues of social hygiene, the main directions of formation of public health and medical and social assistance, issues of economics, scientific organization of labor, sanitary statistics, history of medicine and healthcare. Publishes articles on new forms and methods of work of medical and anti-epidemic health care institutions in organizing health care services for urban and rural populations. The journal publishes materials on methods and results of studying the social conditions of life and health of the population. It reflects the state of health care, issues of organization and operation of medical institutions in foreign countries, and contains articles devoted to the design and equipment of medical institutions. The development of medical science and healthcare is widely covered, important historical dates and activities are noted scientific societies, information about various conferences and meetings is published.

Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency 4 The most complete implementation of the established model<...>creating and strengthening their national public health institutions, using different models <...>Mechanisms based on this model are successfully used to solve a wide range of problems.<...>various sectors of society. Similar models are used independently of each other in different market areas<...>In this case, the health care system is based on a “three-level” model: 1) the individual who needs

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Organizational behavior: course of lectures

A course of lectures on the academic discipline “Organizational Behavior” is intended for students of the Presidential Management Training Program “Management in Business”. Includes five main topics of lecture classes and a work program for the academic discipline. Can be used by students of the Master of Business Administration - MBA program.

Models of organizational behavior Criteria Authoritarian model Guardianship model Supportive Collegium<...>Models of organization development There are at least ten models of development of organizations created at different times.<...>This model is an evolutionary-teleological model of organizational development, considering the specified<...>Copyright OJSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Model "7 S" (authors of the 7S model T.J. Pitere<...>What EP models are implemented in the organization where you work? What does the OP model depend on?

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<...> <...> <...> <...>

Preview: Cultural initiatives materials 50 All-Russian. with international participation of scientific conf. young researchers (Chelyabinsk, April 5, 2018).pdf (1.4 Mb)

Cultural initiatives materials 50 All-Russian. with international participation of scientific conf. young researchers (Chelyabinsk, April 5, 2018)

Materials of the 50th All-Russian scientific conference young researchers include articles by graduate students, undergraduates, students, reflecting the current state of problems in the sociocultural sphere.

technology, as an educational business game, allows you to form both activity and behavioral models - standards<...>The concept of “model”, according to E.I.<...>Chekhov, are organized according to different syntactic models: the model of a two-part sentence: “Time went to<...>In cognitive linguistics, the internal form acts as a quasi-stereotype or standard of some situation<...>set, structure and dynamic status of ecological systems national park"Taganay" is the standard

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The speed, positioning accuracy and energy efficiency of the elevator drive largely depend on the dynamic properties of the elevator drive as a control object, which change in accordance with the degree of its load. To compensate for changes in the dynamic properties of the drive, self-adjusting automatic control systems with a reference model are used. The paper examines various designs of analytical non-search self-tuning systems with a reference model and presents the results of a study of these systems with various reference models. It is shown that the use of an inertia-free optimal reference model makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the execution of a given elevator movement program and its energy efficiency.

model and presents the results of studying these systems with various reference models.<...>On the monitor screen (Fig. 2) it can be seen that the transient process in the reference model and in the object Fig. 1.<...>In Fig. Figure 3 shows another option for constructing a self-adjusting system with a reference model.<...>The reason for the lag is the inertia of the selected reference model.<...>Calculation and design of analytical self-tuning systems with reference models.standard-indicator."<...>In other cases, there are no reference classes, and the ordering is carried out directly according to<...>The following minerals are taken as a standard for each gradation in order of increasing hardness: 1

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The problem of synthesizing a multi-channel system with self-tuning using a reference model for centralized control of the movement of an autonomous underwater vehicle has been solved. Conditions for the stability of the self-tuning process are obtained taking into account the dynamic mutual influence and kinematic relationships between all control channels of the device in the presence of parametric nonstationarity of its complete nonlinear mathematical model. To reduce the magnitude of the self-tuning signal, its amplitude is formed as a function of coordinates and master signals. The developed system provides high quality control of an underwater vehicle with significant variations in its parameters.

T. 51, No. 5 UDC 621.865 SELF-ADJUSTING SYSTEM WITH A REFERENCE MODEL FOR CONTROLLING THE MOTION OF A UNDERWATER<...>Key words: control system, autonomous underwater vehicle, reference model, self-tuning.<...>Synthesis of the self-tuning law based on the reference model.<...>are specified in such a way as to ensure the stability of the solution xm(t), and therefore the entire reference model<...>Adaptive control with a reference model under external disturbances // Automation and Technology. 2004. No. 5. P. 77–90. 8.

The results of solving the problem of constructing an adaptive control system with a nonlinear reference model for a non-stationary dynamic object with a nonlinear actuator are presented. To analyze the dynamic features of a nonlinear nonstationary control system, the point transformation method is used. The results of analysis and mathematical modeling of the control system under consideration with the adaptation loop turned off are presented.

Trapeznikov RAS, Moscow) FEATURES OF THE DYNAMICS OF AN ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM WITH A NONLINEAR REFERENCE MODEL<...>Key words: control system, dynamic object, control algorithm, reference model, adaptive<...>Introduction Currently, adaptive systems with a reference

Adaptive control of a second-order non-minimal-phase scalar object with provision of specified characteristics of the transient process [Electronic resource] / Kruglov // Scientific Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State Technical University. - 2016. - No. 4. - P. 33-53. - Access mode: https: //site/efd/610274

We consider the problem of synthesizing a control system that provides a given transient response of a closed loop, including a scalar non-minimal-phase object of the second order (initially linear and stationary) with a positive zero of its transfer function under conditions of a priori uncertainty about its parameters and external disturbance. Features are considered transient response such an object and its management. The gain, regulation time, degree of overshoot, and the specified level of “failure” of the transient characteristic are used as specified characteristics of the transient process. As an adaptive control method, a scheme with an identifier and an implicit reference model and the use of simplified adaptability conditions are used. In this case, a control law is constructed such that, while changing the above characteristics, it does not change the unstable zero of the transfer function of the object. It is shown that the adaptability conditions are reduced to the convergence of the identification discrepancy of the algorithm that delivers estimates of unknown parameters in the current time. The conditions for convergence of the identification residual in a closed loop control system are given. As a result, achieving adaptability does not require obtaining accurate estimates of unknown parameters, which significantly simplifies the conditions for adaptability and the speed of its achievement. To eliminate the “failure” of the transient characteristic, it is proposed to use “exponential” control of a special type instead of a predetermined step control. It is built based on the scores delivered by the identifier. It is shown that this approach can be used for different cases: when an object is stable or not, stationary or non-stationary with a limited rate of change of parameters, or even a non-linear object with linear unknown parameters. Other generalizations are obvious. Examples are given

As an adaptive control method, a scheme with an identifier and an implicit reference model is used<...>models; zadu – specified control in the form of step action; m1 m0 m, a a b – standard parameters<...>model (10), and at the end of the transition period - as a standard (4).<...>Let's integrate the first equation (1) and (4) over the interval from 0t to t (initial conditions of the reference model<...>The structure of the control system is quite simple and contains an implicit reference model (4), an algorithm for the current

The article discusses the issues of methodology for assessing the level of professionalism of maritime specialists, offers recommendations for forming a portrait of a professional and measures the methodology for assessing the level of professionalism

In this regard, the issue of developing models and algorithms for constructing a standard “professional” is relevant.<...>Model of the “professional” standard.<...>, qualities and their correct interpretation into the standard model of a “professional”.<...>Since the initial data for forming the standard of the “professional” model are expert assessments,<...> This structure allows you to avoid subjectivity and one-sidedness when constructing the standard model of a “professional”

ROBUST SYSTEM FOR TRACKING THE REFERENCE SIGNAL OF A LINEAR DYNAMIC OBJECT WITH DISTRIBUTED DELAY [Electronic resource] / Imangazieva // Bulletin of the Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer technology and information science.- 2015.- No. 4.- P. 8-14.- Access mode: https://site/efd/504803

A robust object control system is proposed, the dynamic processes in which are described linear equation with distributed delay. Additionally, a control algorithm for objects with a state delay, proposed by the author earlier, is considered with the aim of using it in the development of a robust control system with a distributed delay. To solve the problem of tracking the reference signal, specially selected auxiliary circuits and variable observers are used, which makes it possible to ensure the fulfillment of the control goal with a given dynamic accuracy. A numerical example of a tracking system for a reference signal of a linear object with a distributed delay under disturbance conditions is given; modeling is carried out in Simulink Matlab. The simulation results confirmed the theoretical conclusions and showed the performance of the proposed control system under conditions of constantly operating external and parametric disturbances. Mathematical models that include distributed delay are used in such fields of science as biology, neuroscience, physics, and economics. Taking into account the distributed delay makes it possible to make the models of these systems correspond to reality, which determines the relevance of the result obtained

To solve the problem of tracking the reference signal, specially selected auxiliary<...>model for a linear dynamic object with distributed delay.<...>The required quality of transient processes in the object is specified by the equation of the reference model 0 () () ()<...>models<...>Transient processes by tracking error)(te, outputs of the control object)(ty and reference model )(tym

The problem of constructing a robust controller for a control system for a non-affine input a priori uncertain non-stationary dynamic object is considered. Using simulation modeling, the quality of operation of the constructed control system is illustrated

The desired dynamics of the object (1)–(4) are determined similarly using an explicit reference model of the form<...>(analogue of the main reference model), which in Laplace images will be written in the form yM (s) = L T<...>models).<...>model having main and auxiliary outputs.<...>Robust control system for an affine object in a scheme with two reference models // Informatics and aircraft systems and according to the MMANA program for the reference model.<...>the resistance from the reference model is minimal.<...>, from the values of the reference model does not exceed 7%.

Methodological foundations for the analysis and certification of maturity levels of software project processes in conditions of vagueness [monograph]

M.: Hotline– Telecom

The methodological foundations for the analysis and certification of maturity levels of software project processes are outlined, including a modern approach to the construction of a modern methodology for certifying software project processes in conditions of unclear initial data. A model and algorithms are proposed for solving semi-structured problems related to determining the maturity level of software project processes under conditions of vagueness. Models of the process of assessing process risks based on a qualitative presentation of expert data on the characteristics of the analyzed process are considered, and algorithms for fuzzy assessment of process risks based on the construction of a fuzzy knowledge base formed through the application of the provisions of the theory of fuzzy identification and fuzzy logic are presented.

ratings included in the reference model.<...>Structure of the reference model 1.4.1.<...>Purpose of the reference model The reference model, according to the concept of the proposed approach, is necessary and intended<...>Structure of the reference process model To construct a detailed structure of the reference process model, it is proposed<...>Reference model of project life cycle processes Reference model of software life cycle processes

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The reference model architecture artificially includes two dimensions:

process measurement, which characterizes the results of the process, which are the essential measurable goals of the process;

process capability measurement, which characterizes a set of process attributes that apply to any process and represent measurable characteristics that are necessary to control the process and improve the ability to perform it.

The reference model groups processes, in process measurement, into three life cycle process groups, which contain five process categories according to the type of activity it addresses.

Initial life cycle processes consist of categories of supplier-customer and engineering processes.

Process category supplier - customer consists of processes that are directly influenced by the customer, development of support and transfer of software to the customer, and provide for the correct functioning and use software product and/or services.

Engineering process category consists of processes that directly define, implement or support a software product, its relationship to the system and its consumer (customer) documentation.

Supporting life cycle processes consist of support process categories.

Organizational life cycle processes consist of categories of management and organization processes.

Management process category consists of processes that contain methods of a general nature that can be used by anyone managing any type of project or process within a life cycle software.

Organization process category consists of processes that establish the organization's business goals and develop (develop) process, product and active resources that, when used by projects in the organization, will help the organization achieve its business goals.

Process categories and processes provide groupings of activity types. Each process in the reference model is described in terms of a goal statement. These statements include the unique functional goals of a process that are validated in a specific environment. The goal statement includes additional material that defines the outputs of successful implementation of the process. Alignment with process purpose represents the first step in developing process capability.

The reference model does not specify how, or in what order, the elements of the process goal statements should be achieved. Process objectives will be achieved in an organization through various lower level activities, tasks and techniques performed to produce a work product. These performed tasks, activities and techniques, as well as the characteristics of the work products produced, are indicators that demonstrate whether the goal of a particular process has been achieved.

Process capability development is characterized in terms of process attributes grouped into capability levels. Process attributes are attributes of a process that can be rated on an achievement scale, providing a measure of the capability of a process. Attributes apply to all processes. Each process attribute describes an aspect of the overall ability to control and improve the effectiveness of the process in achieving its objectives and contributing to the organization's business goals.

A capability level is characterized by a set of attributes that work together. Each level provides a major enhancement to the ability to execute a process. The levels constitute a rational path of development through improving the capabilities of any process.

There are six levels of capability in the reference model.

Level 0: Unfinished. General failure to achieve process goals. There are not easily identified work products or process outputs.

Level 1: Executable. The goal of the process has, in general, been achieved. Achievement cannot be strictly planned and monitored. The organization's personnel are aware that the process must be followed, and there is general agreement that the process is carried out as required and when required. There are certain work products of the process, and they provide evidence in favor of achieving the goal.

Level 2: Managed. The process produces work products according to defined procedures, is planned and monitored. Work products comply with specific standards and requirements. The main difference from Running level is that when executing the process, work products are now produced that fully meet the quality requirements within a certain period of time and allocated resources.

Level 3: Installed. The process is executed and managed using a defined process based on good software engineering principles. Individual process implementations use process documenting, validated, customized versions of the standard in achieving the outputs of a specific process. The resources needed to establish the process definition are also in place. Main difference from Managed level is that the process Set level uses a specific process that is capable of achieving its outputs.

Level 4: Predictable. A defined process, in practice, is consistently carried out within certain constraints and achieves certain goals. Detailed process performance measures are collected and analyzed. This leads to a quantitative understanding of process capability and an improved ability to predict performance. The execution of the process is objectively controlled. The quality of work products is quantitatively known. Main difference from Set level is that a certain process is now carried out sequentially within certain constraints in order to achieve its certain outputs.

Level 5: Optimizing. Process execution is optimized to meet current and future business needs. The process achieves repeatability when certain business goals are achieved. Quantitative process effectiveness and performance targets for execution are established, based on the organization's business goals. A continuous process monitoring these goals allows for quantitative feedback and improvement is achieved by analyzing the results. Main difference from Predictable level is that defined and standard processes are now dynamically changed and adapted to effectively achieve current and future business goals.

Naturally, the reference model cannot be used as a basis for making reliable and consistent process capability assessments because the level of detail is not sufficient. The descriptions of the process goal and capability attributes in the reference model need to be supported by a comprehensive set of process performance and capability metrics. In this way, a consistent rating of process capability will be possible.

Process measurement

This subsection provides a classification of processes adopted in organizations involved in the development, operation, acquisition, delivery and support of software. The classification recognizes five process categories that contain all processes. The categories and their processes are comparable to those defined in the draft standard ISO/IEC 12207, Information technology – Software process life cycle, which we discussed in Section 2.

As noted above, the reference model groups processes into three groups and five process categories:

initial life cycle processes include engineering process and supplier-customer categories;

supporting life cycle processes include support process categories;

organizational life cycle processes include management and organization process categories.

Individual processes are described in terms of six components.

Process ID. Identifies a category and a sequence number within that category. The numbering scheme differs between top-level processes and second-level processes. The identifier consists of two parts: a category abbreviation (for example, ENG for the engineering process category) and a number (for example, CUS. 1 denotes the Acquisition Process and CUS. 1.2 denotes the second level process, Supplier Selection Process, which is a component process of the Acquisition Process ).

Process name. A descriptive phrase that highlights a fundamental feature of a process (for example, Supplier Selection).

Process type. There are 3 types of top-level processes (basic, extended, new) and 2 second-level processes (component, extended), which are related to ISO/IEC 12207 processes as follows. New processes are additional to those defined in ISO/IEC 12207. Basic processes are identical in purpose to ISO/IEC 12207 processes. Extended processes are complementary to an existing ISO/IEC 12207 process. Component processes group one or more ISO/IEC 12207 activities from the same process. Extended component processes group one or more ISO/IEC 12207 activities from the same process and include additional material.

Purpose of the process. Material that specifies the purpose of a process, establishing the overall goals for the execution of the process at the top level. Optional additional material may be included to further define the purpose statement.

Process results. List of descriptions of process results.

Process notes. An optional list of informative notes about a process and its relationship to other processes.

As an example, here are several processes from each process category.

CUS.1 Acquisition Process

Basic process

Target Acquisition Process is to obtain a product and/or service that satisfies a need expressed by the customer (client). The process begins with defining the customer's need and desired results with the acceptance of the product and/or service required by the customer. As a result of successful implementation of the process:

A contract will be developed that clearly expresses the expectations, responsibilities and obligations of both the customer and the supplier;

A product and/or service will be produced that satisfies an identified customer need;

The acquisition will be verified so that certain constraints such as cost, design and quality are met.

CUS.1.1 Acquisition Preparation Process

Component Process CUS.1 – Acquisition Process

Target Acquisition Preparation Process is to establish the needs and objectives of the acquisition. As a result of successful implementation of the process:

The need to acquire, develop or expand a system, software product or software development process will be identified;

System requirements will be formulated;

An acquisition strategy will be developed;

Acceptance criteria will be defined.

ENG.1 Development Process

Basic process

Target Development process is to transform an agreed upon set of requirements into a functional software product or software system that satisfies the customer's stated needs. As a result of successful implementation of the process:

A software product will be developed or software system;

Intermediate work products will be developed, which shows that the final product is based on the agreed requirements;

Consistency between software requirements and software designs will be established;

Test data will show that the final product meets the agreed requirements;

The final product will be installed in the target environment and accepted by customers.

NOTE: Agreed requirements can be provided by an operation of the Acquisition Process (CUS. 1) or the Establishment of Requirements Process (CUS. 3).

ENG.1.1 System Requirements Development and Analysis Process

Component Process ENG.1 – Development Process

The purpose of the System Requirements Development and Analysis Process is to establish system requirements (functional and non-functional) and architecture, identifying which system requirements should be allocated to which system elements and in which version. As a result of successful implementation of the process:

System requirements will be developed that meet the stated needs of the customer;

A solution will be proposed identifying the main elements of the system;

The agreed upon requirements will be allocated to each of the major elements of the system;

A version strategy will be developed that determines the priority for execution system requirements;

System requirements will be approved and modified as required;

The requirements, proposed solution and their relationships will be communicated to all interested parties.

SUP.1 Documentation Process

Advanced Process

Target Documentation Development Process is to develop and maintain documents that record the information produced by a process or activity. As a result of successful implementation of the process:

A strategy will be developed that identifies the documents that will be produced during the life cycle of the software product;

The standards that should be referred to for the development of documents will be determined;

All documents that will be produced by a process or project will be identified;

All documents will be developed and published in accordance with certain standards;

All documents will be maintained according to certain criteria.

NOTE - The process supports execution of process attribute 2.2 in those examples where it is introduced.

MAN.1.1 Project Management Process

Component process MAN.1 – Management process

Target Project Management Process is to identify, establish, coordinate and control the activities, tasks and resources needed for a product and/or service project to meet agreed upon requirements. As a result of successful implementation of the process:

The scope of the project will be defined;

The feasibility of achieving project objectives with available resources and constraints will be assessed;

The tasks and resources required to complete the work will be measured and estimated;

Interfaces between project elements and other projects and organizational modules will be identified and verified;

Project execution plans will be developed and implemented;

Project progress will be reviewed and reported;

Actions to correct deviations from the plan and prevent recurrence of problems identified in the project will be taken when project objectives are not achieved.

NOTE - This process supports execution of process attribute 2.1 in those examples where it is introduced.

ORG.2 Improvement Process

Basic Process

Process Improvement is a process for establishing, assessing, measuring, managing and improving the software life cycle process. As a result of successful implementation of this process:

A set of organizational process assets will be developed and made available;

The organization's process capability will be periodically assessed to determine the extent to which the process implementation is effective in achieving the organization's objectives;

Measuring Opportunity

The reference model capability measurement defines a measurement scale for assessing the process capability of any process. Process capability is measured on a six-point ordinal scale that allows capability to be assessed from the bottom of the scale, the incomplete level, to the top end of the scale, the optimizing level. The scale measures the improvement of a process's capability from efficiency that is not capable of achieving defined results to efficiency that is capable of achieving business goals and supporting continuous process improvement. Therefore, the scale defines a clear improvement path for each individual process.

Within the capability model, the measure of capability is based on a set of nine process attributes (PAs) (see Table 4.1). Process attributes are used to determine whether a process has achieved a given capability. Each attribute measures a specific aspect of a process's capability. The attributes are themselves measured on a percentage scale and therefore provide a more detailed understanding of specific aspects of the process capability required to support process improvement and capability determination.

For example, let's give one of the attributes of the third level of capability.

AP 3.1 Attribute definition and process transformation

The extent to which a process is executed as a transformed instance of a standard process definition. A standard process meets certain business goals of the organization. The transformation is performed to suit the specific purposes of the process instance. As a result of fully achieving this attribute:

The process documentation, together with appropriate guidance on tailoring the standard process documentation, will be determined to provide the normal scope of the process and the functional and non-functional requirements for the work product;

Execution of the process will be carried out in accordance with the selected and/or adapted standard process documentation;

Historical process execution data will be collected, firstly, to establish and improve understanding of process behavior, secondly, to assess the needs of the process execution resource;

Experiences from using process documentation will be used to improve the standard process.

Table 4.1.

Number	Name
Level 1	Process running
AP 1.1	Process execution attribute
Level 2	Managed process
AP 2.1	Execution control attribute
AP 2.2	Work Product Management Attribute
Level 3	Established process
AP 3.1	Process Definition and Transformation Attribute
AP 3.2	Process resource attribute
Level 4	Predictable process
AP 4.1	Process measurement attribute
AP 4.2	Process control attribute
Level 5	Optimizing process
AP 5.1	Process change (verification) attribute
AP 5.2	Potential for further improvement attribute

A process attribute represents a measurable characteristic of any process as defined above.

N Not reached:

0% - 15% - There is little or no evidence of achievement of a particular attribute.

P Partially achieved:

16% - 50% - there is evidence of a reliable systematic method for achieving a specific attribute. Some aspects of achievement may be unpredictable.

L Largely achieved:

51% - 85% - there is evidence of a reliable systematic method for significantly achieving a specific attribute. Process execution may change in some areas.

F Fully achieved:

86% - 100% - there is evidence of a complete and systematic method to fully achieve a specific attribute. No significant deficiencies exist within a specific part of the organization.

Each process attribute assessed in any part of the organization, including the highest capability level defined in the assessment area, must be consistent with the rating using the attribute scale defined above. A set of attribute ratings for a process forms a profile for that process. The evaluation output includes a set of profiles for all evaluated processes.

The identifier used must provide objective evidence of use to determine the rating to be retrieved. Ratings may be presented in any format, such as a matrix or as part of a database, provided that the presentation allows individual ratings to be identified according to this reference scheme.

The capability level achieved by a process must be derived from the attribute rating for that process, according to the process capability level model defined in Table 4.2. The purpose of this requirement is to ensure consistent values when a process capability level is referenced for a process.

Below are tables containing summary lists of the processes that are included in the reference model (Table 4.3) and the correspondence between the processes of the reference model and the processes defined in the draft standard ISO/IEC 12207 (Table 4.4).

Table 4.2

Scale	Process Attributes	Grade
Level 1	Process Execution	Mostly or completely
Level 2	Process Execution Execution Management Work Product Management	Fully Mostly or completely Mostly or completely
Level 3	Process Execution Execution Management Work Product Management Process resource	Fully Fully Fully Mostly or completely Mostly or completely
Level 4	Process Execution Execution Management Work Product Management Process Definition and Transformation Process resource Process measurement Process control	Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Mostly or completely Mostly or completely
Level 5	Process Execution Execution Management Work Product Management Process Definition and Transformation Process resource Process measurement Process control Process change Possibility of further improvement	Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Mostly or completely Mostly or completely

Table 4.3.

			Process
Number	Name	Number			Name


				Acquisition (basic)
				Preparation of acquisition (component)
				Vendor selection (component)
				Supplier Check (component)
				Customer approval (component)
				Support (basic)
				Establishing requirements (new)
				Operation (advanced)
				Functional Usage (Advanced Component)
				User Support (Advanced Component)

				Development (basic)
				Analysis and development of system requirements (component)
				Software requirements analysis (component)
				Software development (component-based)
				Software design (component)
				Software integration (component)
				Software testing (component)
				System testing and integration (component)
				System and software operation (basic)
Supporting life cycle processes

				Documentation (advanced)
				Configuration Management (Basic)
				Quality assurance (basic)
				Verification (basic)
				Validation (basic)
				Joint review (baseline)
				Check (basic)
				Problem Solving (Basic)
				Dimension (new)
				Reusable (new)


				Control (basic)
				Project management (component)
				Quality Management (new)
				Risk management (new)

				Organizational alignment (new)
				Improvement process (basic)
				Process creation (component)
				Process assessment (component)
				Process improvement (component)
				Human Resource Management (Advanced)
				Infrastructure (basic)

Table 4.4.
	Actions and processes 12207	Processes 15504
	Initial life cycle processes
	Acquisition process	Acquisition process	basic
	Initialization	Acquisition preparation process	Component
	Preparation of Application-for-Proposal [-application for contract]	Supplier selection process	Component
	Contract preparation and adjustments	Supplier selection process	Component
	Supplier verification	Supplier Verification Process	component
	Acceptance and completion	Customer approval process	component
	Delivery process	Delivery process	basic
	Initialization	Delivery process	basic
	Preparing a response	Delivery process	basic
	Contract	Delivery process	basic
	Planning	Delivery process	basic
	Execution and management	Delivery process	basic
	Review and rating	Delivery process	basic
	Delivery and completion	Delivery process	basic
		Requirements Establishment Process
	Development process	Development process	basic
	Implementation of the process	Development process	basic
	System requirements analysis		component
	System architecture development	System requirements development and analysis process	component
	Software requirements analysis	Software requirements analysis process	component
	Software architecture development	Software development process	component
	Working draft software	Software development process	component
	Software coding and testing	Software design process	component
	Software integration	Software integration process	component
	Software qualification testing	Software testing process	component
	System integration		component
	System qualification testing	System testing and integration process	component
	Software installation	Delivery process	basic
	Program support	Delivery process	basic
	Operation process		basic
	Implementation of the process	Functional Use Process	extended component
	Functional testing	Functional Use Process	extended component
	System operation	Functional Use Process	extended component
	User support	User support process	extended component
	Operation process		basic
	Implementation of the process	Software and system operation process	basic
	Analysis of problems and modifications	Software and system operation process	basic
	Implementation of modification	Software and system operation process	basic
	Commissioning	Software and system operation process	basic
	Migration	Software and system operation process	basic
	Software disposal	Software and system operation process	basic
	Supporting life cycle processes
	Documentation process	Documentation process	extended
	Implementation of the process	Documentation process	extended
	Design and development	Documentation process	extended
	Products	Documentation process	extended
	Exploitation	Documentation process	extended
		Configuration Management Process	Basic
	Implementation of the process	Configuration Management Process	basic
	Configuration Identification	Configuration Management Process	basic
	Configuration control	Configuration Management Process	basic
	Configuration Status Accounting	Configuration Management Process	basic
	Configuration evaluation	Configuration Management Process	basic
	Release and Delivery Management	Configuration Management Process	basic
	Quality Assurance Process	Quality Assurance Process	basic
	Implementation of the process	Quality Assurance Process	basic
	Product Warranty	Quality Assurance Process	basic
	Process guarantee	Quality Assurance Process	basic
	Quality Assurance Systems	Quality Assurance Process	basic
	Verification process	Verification process	basic
	Implementation of the process	Verification process	basic
	Verification	Verification process	basic
		Validation Process	basic
	Implementation of the process	Validation Process	basic
	Validation check	Validation Process	basic
	Joint review process	Joint review process	basic
	Implementation of the process	Joint review process	basic
	Project Management Reviews	Joint review process	basic
	Technical Reviews	Joint review process	basic
	Verification Process	Verification Process	basic
	Implementation of the process	Verification Process	basic
		Verification Process	basic
	Problem Solving Process	Problem Solving Process	basic
	Implementation of the process	Problem Solving Process	basic
	Problem solving	Problem Solving Process	basic
		Measurement process
		Process reuse
	Organizational life cycle processes
	Management process	Management process	basic
	Initialization and scope definition	Project Management Process	component
	Planning	Project Management Process	component
	Execution and control	Project Management Process	component
	Review and rating	Project Management Process	component
	Closing	Project Management Process	component
		Quality Management Process
		Risk Management Process
		Organizational alignment process
	Infrastructure Process	Infrastructure Process	basic
	Implementation of the process	Infrastructure Process	basic
	Creation of infrastructure	Infrastructure Process	basic
	Infrastructure Operation	Infrastructure Process	basic
	Improvement process	Improvement process	basic
	Creating a process	Process creation process	component
	Process evaluation	Process Evaluation Process	component
	Process Improvement	Improvement process	component
	Preparation of the process		extended
	Implementation of the process	Human Resource Management Process	extended
	Preparation of significant development	Human Resource Management Process	extended
	Preparing to implement the plan	Human Resource Management Process	The primary idea of the professiogram of a particular profession is given by its structural content. The professiograms of professions are described, including the following sections - general characteristics of the profession, its significance; description of the labor process, work performed; requirements of the profession to the individual; working conditions; necessary knowledge; required skills and abilities; where you can get a specialty; economic working conditions. There is also a professional method of studying the personality and activities of a modern teacher. A professionogram is an ideal model of a teacher, lecturer, class teacher, pedagogue, sample, standard, which presents: Basic personality qualities that a teacher should have; Knowledge, abilities, skills to perform the functions of a teacher. Based on this understanding of the meaning of the concept of “professiogram,” we can talk about the professional method of studying personality, in which the teacher’s knowledge, skills and abilities are compared with those that he could have in accordance with ideal model. It is not difficult to imagine that such a method makes it possible to design the personal and professional growth of a teacher. At the same time, a teacher’s professiogram is a document that provides a complete qualification description of a teacher in terms of the requirements for his knowledge, abilities and skills, his personality, abilities, psychophysiological capabilities and level of training. This idea of the professional program developed in previous decades. So, we can talk about the class teacher’s professiogram compiled by N.I. Boldyrev. N. I. Boldyrev identified the priority qualities of a class teacher’s personality: ideological commitment, moral and civic maturity, social activity, passion for the teaching profession, love for children, a humane, caring attitude towards them, high demands on oneself and students, communication skills, friendly disposition, politeness in communication, psychological compatibility with other members of the teaching staff and others necessary for an ideal specialist. To perform a wide variety of functions, a teacher, according to N. I. Boldyrev, needs the following skills: establish business relationships with the school administration, with parents, and the public (communication skills, according to today’s ideas, are close to communicative); information skills; the ability to clearly, expressively, logically express one’s thoughts (according to today’s ideas - didactic and speech); the ability to convince, to attract, to make one’s supporter (according to today’s ideas - didactic, communicative). To implement these skills, it is necessary to create a high emotional mood and ensure the businesslike nature of life and work. N.I. Boldyrev assigned an important role to personality qualities that, in addition to priority ones, it would be nice for a teacher (class teacher) to have: tact, restraint, self-control, observation, sincerity, resourcefulness, firmness, consistency in words and actions, neatness, external neatness . It is important for the class teacher to know the basics of the theory and methods of education, to be able to: work with parents (the public); plan educational work; select, based on the diagnosis of teams (groups) and individuals, the necessary types of activities; correctly take into account and evaluate the results of education; identify and organize the asset; exercise control and assistance in carrying out assignments. To perform complex and diverse functions, it would be good for a teacher to master some applied creative artistic skills: draw (figurative); play musical instruments, sing (musical); read expressively (fiction and literature); dance (choreographic); go on hikes (sports-tourism or sports-work). A. S. Makarenko in the introductory speech to the “Book for Parents” wrote: “The ability to educate is still an art, the same art as playing the violin or piano well, painting well, being a good miller or turner.” If we go from the functional principle, i.e. from those actions of functions that a teacher must perform, then we can list the functions of a teacher. Thus, A. I. Shcherbakov and N. A. Rykov were among the first (in 1971) to identify eight functions of a teacher in a school. They belong to the following classification of teacher functions: Informational (the teacher broadcasts this or that information); Developmental (develops thinking, imagination, certain skills, speech, etc.); orienting (orients in the diversity of information, moral values); mobilization (mobilizes to perform exercises, tasks, tasks); constructing (designs a lesson, extracurricular activities, multi-level tasks, independent work, communication and much more); communicative (function of communication with parents, other teachers, administration, psychologists, valeologists, etc.); organizational (organizes students, other teachers, parents, himself, and also organizes lessons, extracurricular activities that he conducts); research (can study both an individual, a group of students - a team, and the training and upbringing of students, etc.). Mention of the last function, from our point of view, allows us to talk about the functions of not only the teacher, but also the teacher - in the broad sense of the word. In pedagogy textbooks of past years, the authors highlight the functions of the educator and class teacher: organizational (organizes all educational influences and interactions in teams, including in the form of educational affairs - excursions, trips, meetings, classes, surveys as research, etc.); educational (as a result of which, in various ways and means, the education, formation and development of personal qualities inherent in the student as a member of a children's team, a family man, a citizen of Russia, a citizen of the World, a creative personality and individuality is carried out); stimulating (as a result of which stimulating activities are carried out for students, children's groups, parents, the public, etc.); coordination (as a result of which the activities of both children, when necessary, and teachers working in the same class are coordinated, parallels, and communication with the outside world can also be carried out if educational institution viewed as an open system; working with documents (magazines, student diaries, their personal files, various plans). There are quite a lot of functions that teachers, educators, and class teachers must perform. What knowledge and skills should they have for this? An idea of the skills and abilities that both teachers and class teachers should have is given by the concept of a professiogram, which we discussed above. However, simply the knowledge and skills discussed earlier are not enough. According to psychologists, much depends on natural prerequisites, the inclinations of the individual (which can develop into certain abilities), on the psychological readiness of the individual, his desire (desire) to perform these functions well. Much is brought up and developed only as a result of long-term work on oneself; The main thing in self-education is patience and control over your behavior. Psychologist V. A. Krutetsky in the textbook “Psychology” offers a structure of professionally significant personality qualities and skills that a teacher must have. If we, following V. A. Krutetsky, present the professionally significant qualities of a teacher’s personality in the form of a set of four blocks (parts or substructures) (1. Personal worldview; 2. Positive attitude towards teaching; 3. Pedagogical abilities; 4. Professional pedagogical knowledge, abilities and skills), we will get a fairly holistic picture of the requirements that apply to the teaching profession and other teaching professions. Let us consider these blocks of professionally significant qualities of a teacher’s personality in more detail. 1st block. Humanistic worldview (we are talking about those beliefs and ideals that are inherent in the teacher-educator; only those who are educated are educated; it is desirable that the educator has high level general culture and high moral character, and most importantly, would love other people). 2nd block. A positive attitude towards teaching activity (we are talking about the pedagogical orientation of the individual, pedagogical inclinations as a stable desire and desire to devote oneself to teaching activity; one who is indifferent to his work cannot be a good teacher; children accurately identify those teachers who do not like them or do not like teaching activities in general). 3rd block. Pedagogical abilities (based on natural prerequisites, under certain conditions they are realized - or not - into professional pedagogical knowledge, abilities, skills, in other words - pedagogical abilities) - this is a generalized set of individual psychological characteristics and professionally significant personality qualities that meet requirements of pedagogical activity, ensure the achievement of high results in it, determine the success of the teacher as a whole in mastering this activity (for more details, see Chapter 1). 4th block. Professional and pedagogical knowledge, abilities, skills (we are talking about knowledge in the field of the subject being taught and teaching technology). V. A. Sukhomlinsky mentions four signs of pedagogical culture. His thoughts can be briefly expressed as follows. It is necessary: 1) that the teacher has academic knowledge so that he can appeal to the mind and heart of the student; 2) for the teacher to read literature (pedagogical, psychological, journalistic, etc.); 3) so that the teacher knows the wealth of methods for studying a child; 4) had a speech culture. So, experts believe that those who have good prerequisites for becoming a teacher. Annotation: The basics of the process approach to IT management are outlined, which is based on the concept of M. Porter's value chain. The task is to organize effective IT management based on best practices. The role of standards in the field of IT is discussed. The meaning of the value chain is to distinguish between the main and auxiliary groups of the organization’s business processes. The main groups of processes add value to the product or service produced by the business, auxiliary ones do not. As can be seen from Fig. 1.1, the “IT Management” process group is classified as auxiliary, along with such process groups as “Human Resources Management” or “Financial Management” (the figure, of course, does not show all auxiliary groups). Of course, there are also types of activities where IT management is an essential part of the business and can be reasonably classified as one of the main process groups. These are, for example, businesses where Internet services play an important role: retail banks, online stores or trading platforms in the Internet. Fundamentally important information Technology for telecom operators, or, say, global navigation service providers, not to mention companies operating in the IT sector. In such companies, some IT management processes (for example, providing clients with access to the company’s information resources) become part of the company’s main production process, and auxiliary ones will be those groups of IT management processes that are used, for example, when performing internal automation projects or when interacting with corporate users information systems with the technical support group. In addition to cases where the only IT organization is responsible for IT management in a company, there may also be situations where IT management decentralized. This typically occurs in large, geographically distributed companies, although there are also situations where several IT organizations coexist in one company. Process approach IT management has the advantage that it allows one to ignore differences in the structures and organizational forms in which IT management activities take place, focusing on the main thing - the results and effectiveness of these activities. In practical terms, this means that “end-to-end” IT governance processes must be defined and organized, involving people from multiple IT governance business units. As experience shows, this is a difficult task that is not always possible to solve. Organizational boundaries often turn out to be real barriers to the flow of information in processes. To overcome this difficulty, the concept of a process owner is introduced. Process owner takes full responsibility for the effectiveness, efficiency and improvement of the process. Determining the role and place of the owners of IT management processes in the company's organizational structure is one of the difficult management tasks that has to be solved when implementing processes. If using the general value chain shown in Fig. 1.1, build a chain for an IT organization, you get the picture shown in Fig. 1.2. Here, the supporting process groups, shown in white, are common to the IT organization with the corresponding business processes as a whole, and the remaining groups of supporting processes are specific to IT management. It is they, along with the main groups of processes, that are of interest to us. The main groups of processes in Fig. 1.2 demonstrate a modern view of the activities of an IT organization, proposed in recent years. It consists in the fact that this activity is considered as the provision of services to business. I will not yet clarify what is meant by service. At an intuitive level of understanding, a service to an IT organization is the provision of an information resource to solve a business problem. An information resource can be, for example, a software system or application, data network or human resource in the form of an IT specialist. All that matters is that this view of IT management implies that there is a finite and relatively stable list of services agreed upon by the business, and the IT organization is ultimately responsible for delivering them. If you consistently adhere to this view, then the composition of the main and auxiliary process groups of the IT organization becomes clearer. The main groups of processes are related to planning, creation, implementation, maintenance and development of services. Processes from these groups involve close interaction with customers and users working in the company's core business. Auxiliary process groups are associated with the creation, support and development of information resources (not all such groups are shown in Fig. 1.2). Examples include groups of IT infrastructure management processes, processes for creating and maintaining applications (they are usually called management processes life cycle information systems), specialist training processes, as well as groups of processes that manage the use of temporarily attracted information resources belonging to subcontractors, suppliers and outsourcers. It is worth highlighting a group of strategic planning processes that determines the long-term policy for the development of services and related information resources. This policy must be linked to the corporate business strategy and business goals. As a result of the implementation of the relevant processes, plans for the development of services of the IT organization are formed that meet the business development plans, and the resulting plans for the development of information resources. Further in this book we will talk about activities to improve the efficiency of the IT organization, that is, to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the main and auxiliary IT management processes. This activity, in turn, can be considered as a group of processes for managing specific information resource- knowledge and processes of the IT organization. In Fig. 1.2 it is called "Improving IT Management Processes and Organizational Improvement." How can you improve the effectiveness and efficiency of core and supporting IT management processes? Of course, there is no universal algorithm or ready-made recipe for all occasions. However, it is possible to offer reasonable, practical approaches to solving the problem that use the knowledge, methodologies, techniques and tools developed and tested over the years of the existence of IT organizations around the world. One of the widespread methods of improvement is the introduction of “best management practices” into the management practices of the enterprise. From the point of view of the process approach to IT management, reference process models created as a result of generalization of relevant world experience should be considered best practices. Reference models exist primarily in the form international standards, developed by the international organization for standardization (ISO 3 International Organization for Standardization; for the origin of the name ISO, see http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO) and other authoritative international and national organizations. It is important to understand that the reference process model is not an ideal role model, applicable in all cases of life, but represents only average experience, which is recognized by the professional community and, therefore, may be useful in solving the problem of improving the efficiency of IT management in a particular organization. Reference models that can be used to improve IT management processes are discussed in lectures 3-5 (“Process standards. GOST R ISO/IEC 12” Process standards. GOST R ISO/IEC 12207”, “Implementation of GOST R ISO/IEC 12207 "Implementation of GOST R ISO/IEC 12207", "Process Design. IEEE Standard 1074" Construction processes. IEEE standard 1074", "Development of a life cycle process model. GOST R ISO/IEC 15288" Development of a life cycle process model. GOST R ISO/IEC 15288"). Reference process models exist, in particular, for such process groups as information systems life cycle management, almost all groups of core processes, and supplier and subcontractor management. At the same time, there are no well-developed reference models for groups of strategic management processes or subcontractor selection (more precisely, I am not aware of their existence). To understand reference models of processes and their relationships (sometimes quite complex and non-obvious), it is useful to study the so-called Body of Knowledge, or methodological reference books, where descriptions of tasks, concepts, objects and processes related to a particular area are collected and presented in a structured form activities. The SWEBOK (Software Engineering Body of Knowledge) methodological guide, in particular, is most directly related to IT management. Finally, there is a fairly extensive body of methodological manuals in English. framework, which accumulate practical experience in solving management problems (examples include COBIT, Val IT, Risk IT). They can be used in the implementation of processes such as strategic management, investment and IT risk management. More complex methods for improving IT management processes are studied in lectures 7-9 (“Maturity of design organizations. CMM methodology” Maturity of design organizations. CMM methodology”, “Practical use of CMM. SPICE project” Practical use CMM. SPICE Project, "CMMI Conceptual Model" Conceptual model CMMI"). The problem of improving the main processes of an IT organization that interacts with the business processes of an enterprise is discussed in various aspects in lectures 10-13 (“IT service management processes and the ITIL library” IT service management processes and the ITIL library”, “ITIL library "Service Delivery Strategy" ITIL Library. Strategy provision of services", " "ITIL Library. Service Design" ITIL Library. Service Design", "ITIL Library. Deploying, Delivering and Continuously Improving Services" ITIL Library. Deployment, delivery and continuous improvement of services." Until now, we have been talking only about the processes of an IT organization within one company. In fact, an IT organization typically interacts with a number of external parties. An example of the relationship between an IT organization and external market entities is shown in Fig. 1.3. The participation of external contractors in the processes of an IT organization gives rise to a structure called, by analogy with a value chain, a value added network. Value Network. Example in Fig. 1.3 shows only one level of the network: IT organization - counterparty. In practice, there can be any number of these levels; each counterparty has its own counterparties, etc. The value added network demonstrates the importance of customer relationship management processes for an IT organization. For this reason, many process reference models include supplier and subcontractor management processes. It is worth noting that approaches to improving IT management processes used by an IT organization can also be and are used by independent entities of the IT market to improve the efficiency of their processes. At the same time, IS life cycle management processes, which are auxiliary for an IT organization, are among the main ones for a company that is a developer or software supplier. The IT organization's service delivery processes are of the same nature as the service delivery processes used by external providers. Groups of IT strategic planning processes that are auxiliary to an IT organization are core to consulting companies providing professional services in the field of IT management. Even within the same company, subtle issues related to the dual role of processes can arise. An example would be a situation where different instances of a process 6 A process instance is an implementation of a process in a specific environment, for example in a certain project or in solving a specific problem. used for different purposes and in different contexts. For example, different instances of a single project management process can be created when managing external and internal projects of a company. For the purposes of further presentation, the differences in the role of the process are not significant, therefore, further in the book, processes are not divided into main and auxiliary ones and are simply called IT management processes. An example of using the process approach when describing the interaction of an IT organization with outsourcers is discussed in the final lecture (“Outsourcing IT management processes” Outsourcing IT management processes). It is necessary to immediately make a reservation that outsourcing in general and IT outsourcing in particular is a very complex and multifaceted concept that is not yet fully understood by modern management theory. I look at a rather special case of IT outsourcing to demonstrate the practical benefits that it can bring process approach when organizing outsourcing interaction. As mentioned above, one of the recognized sources of reference models for IT management processes is information technology standards. Despite the fact that their total volume is quite large, there are several, in my opinion, fundamental standards that IT managers need to become familiar with. These are the ones we will talk about next. It is my hope that by starting with these standards, the reader will be able to delve further into the subject as much as he or she needs. I did not set myself the goal of a complete presentation of the standards (as well as other methods discussed below), so some of the ideas and methods presented there are inevitably absent here (and the choice of standards itself is inevitably subjective). It was more important to show that there are deep, although not always obvious, connections between different reference models, processes and techniques developed at different times and for different purposes. They show how the foundations of future theory emerge from individual attempts to comprehend and formalize specific IT management experiences. Brief summary The lecture suggests using process approach to the analysis of the activities of IT organizations and IT companies. The IT organization's value chain and network are presented. The task was set to improve IT management processes. The role of process standards representing reference models of processes is considered. Questions What is a value chain? What does a typical value chain look like for an IT organization? What is the difference between main and auxiliary processes? Can a process be both main and auxiliary? What is a value added network? What is the role of IT standards in IT governance? Did you like the article? Share with your friends: Facebook Twitter My world In contact with Google+ 05.02.2021 Computer The most interesting: Label each polygon and measure the lengths of the sides of each Connecting YouTube to TV Names of large numbers Solving a compound problem Blog categories Internet Internet Computer Popular articles Review of new CASIO watches Checking the functionality of the radio station Comparison of CB, LPD and PMR bands Why is this needed? 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