Ubuntu description. What is Ubuntu Linux

You've heard about Linux, but only recently realized that it's free operating system with open source code is something you can actually use.

You've heard of Linux, but only recently realized that this free and open source operating system is something you can actually use. It's not difficult to install, has a lot of great applications, and will extend the life of your computers. Today, Linux provides a decent opportunity to play games. Yes, you understood correctly. You don't need to have a thorough understanding of Linux, you just need someone to hold your hand as you get started.

I hear you and I'm here to help.

What is Linux?

If you are new to Linux, you can make a general assumption that it is an operating system. This is not entirely true. Linux is actually the kernel, the center of the operating system. The kernel allows software (what you see on the screen) to communicate with hardware (what you touch with your hands). Without a kernel, your system cannot function.

So when you say Linux, you are most often referring to any operating system based on the Linux kernel, such as Ubuntu or Fedora. As a kernel, Linux doesn't do anything on its own. He needs someone to link and distribute it with all the software needed to produce the final result. When this happens, the resulting operating Linux system becomes known as a distribution (or “distro”).

What makes Linux different from others?

How is the Linux kernel different? Like most applications that run on it, the kernel is actively supported by the free and open source software (FOSS) community.

Open source software doesn't cost money, and anyone can look at the source code and change it as they wish. This means that experienced developers from all over the world contribute their work either for free or through sponsorship from companies such as Canonical or Red Hat. However, you can also improve the software.

In contrast, the Windows source code is not available to anyone except Microsoft employees, and it is a criminal offense to decompile or reverse engineer it. You cannot create your own Windows kernel, fix bugs, or distribute an improved version of Windows that you create.

Linux is different, and the GNU General Public License is part of the difference. This license provides the legal basis for your rights to the software. Originally written by Richard Stallman, it ensures that even when the work is modified or improved, Linux still remains in the public domain for other people to use and enjoy. This is the most widely used license in the FOSS community

The free and open nature of the license can be a double-edged sword. Without a clear revenue model, development may be inconsistent. Some programs receive regular investment, while others remain dormant for many years. However, Linux has now spread to become the backbone of the Internet and the most common operating system for supercomputers.

In the end though using Linux Very similar to Windows and macOS, there are aspects that you will need to learn for the first time. We will encounter many of them as we move forward.

Breathe life into an old PC

One of the common reasons why people switch to Linux is to be able to continue using a computer that no longer supports the latest versions of Windows or MacOS. How good is Linux for this job and why?

Linux is efficient: Many Linux distributions are based on years of experience in server rooms. System administrators often appreciate sleek and clean code that gets the job done without wasting power. The extra five seconds to turn on the system is something that many system administrators are not willing to put up with. Due to such a harsh and demanding environment, Linux distributions have become the best of their kind. Although with software coming from many different sources, it is not the case that every program will make the best use of system resources.

Linux is customizable: Linux allows users to customize every aspect of the computer's functionality. Some distributions recommend choosing different components and building your own system. Most of them provide complete functionality, but allow you to change or modify parts as you wish. Many distributions encourage you to make your own adjustments, while tuning others (such as a rudimentary OS) may require more specialized knowledge.

Linux requires no investment: the vast majority of Linux software is free to download and install. These programs are usually quite easy to use, so you don't need to spend money on training courses or books. Everything you need to spend to revive old computer with Linux it's time.

Linux is modular and specialized: You can customize a computer that is specifically designed to suit your needs: remote video monitoring, a database of food recipes, a control panel for an amazing laser projector that changes intensity by synchronizing with the beat of music. You can build whatever you want. Proof of Linux's modular design quality is the Red variant Hat Linux, which was used to control electromagnets inside the Large Hadron Collider. You'll be surprised how many things your old computer can still do.

Beginning of work

Whether you install Linux yourself or buy the computer that comes with it, you'll need to make a few decisions before doing so. There are several conditions you need to know that you have not encountered before. Let's figure it out.

Selecting a distribution

Let us remind you that the distribution is a Linux Operating System that comes with all the software necessary to provide you with a complete picture. The kernel is provided along with hardware drivers and applications.

Distributions come in all shapes and sizes. Some of them are aimed at beginners, while others are aimed at the most ardent command line proponents. Ubuntu, Fedora and openSUSE are three general-purpose distributions suitable for people of all skill levels.

There are many others Linux distributions, and they are all different from each other. Some distributions are tuned to serve a specific niche. Thus, you can install an operating system designed for multimedia creation, or an operating system designed for computers with old or weak hardware.

In this case, hardware compatibility is perhaps the most important thing to consider when switching to Linux. While most hardware is supported by default on most Linux distributions, less popular or unusual hardware may not work. In most cases, even if your device is not supported by default, you can follow online tutorials that will help you install an unsupported driver or fix the kernel, but this is not suitable for everyone. More on this later.

You can visit Distrowatch to see hundreds of Linux distributions. On the right side you will notice that there are the Top 100 most popular distributions. Note that it is difficult to estimate how many people use Linux. The Distrowatch databases are ranked by the popularity of each distribution's website. This gives an idea of ​​what people are interested in, but it's hardly an idea of ​​which distributions are most widely used. Ubuntu, for example, is not currently considered #1, but it is considered the most widely known version desktop Linux.

Selecting a Desktop Environment

Depending on which distribution you choose, this decision may already be made for you. Most major Linux distributions provide a desktop environment by default.

But maybe you haven't decided on the distribution yet. In this case, checking your desktop environment can help you make a decision. Each of them provides different solutions, and some work better on some distributions than others. Here are a few of the most basic:

GNOME is the default desktop environment on Ubuntu, Fedora and Debian. While Windows, macOS and most Linux desktop environments display your open windows on the panel or dock, GNOME doesn't do anything like that.

Instead, you switch between open windows, revealing an overview screen, a dashboard that also displays an application launcher, virtual desktops, and a search bar that can access files, open software, and run commands. Although, if you want a traditional panel, there are extensions available for that.

The KDE Plasma desktop is the default environment in KDE Neon, Kubuntu and Chakra. It is also popular among openSUSE users.

KDE Plasma is perhaps the most customizable interface you can use on your desktop. For this reason, it is a great choice for advanced users and professionals. You can make KDE look like most other desktop interfaces without having to edit obscure files or customize any lines of code.

Cinnamon

Cinnamon provides a simple option that seems familiar to many Windows users switching to Linux. The application menu is in the bottom left corner, system indicators are in the bottom right corner, and open windows appear in between.

If you don't want to relearn how to use your computer, switching from Cinnamon can save you a lot of headaches. This is the default desktop environment in Linux Mint.

While Linux is a great way to revive an old computer, not every desktop environment will run on aging hardware. You may need to use one specially designed to use fewer system resources.

Xfce is one of the more popular options that is well suited for this task. This is the default desktop environment in Xubuntu.

Data backup

Before we get to the good stuff, we need to do some preliminary work. Although you probably no longer use your old computer, you should open it and look for documents, videos, photos, music that you haven't yet created backups. Be careful and double check because you may erase everything from hard drive Later.

Making a copy is not difficult, but it can be tedious if you have a lot of data scattered around. The easiest way to save files is to connect external hard drive to the USB port.

For Windows users:

1. Double-clicking the “My Computer” icon on the desktop or in the “Start” menu opens a window containing a list of files external hard disk.
2. Find and copy the files you need by selecting them and pressing Ctrl + C to activate the external hard drive file list. Click inside the window we opened earlier and press Ctrl + V. Alternatively, you can select the files and drag them into the external hard drive window.

You can also back up all your data to the Cloud. This method makes your data available on other internet-connected devices, but it will likely cost more over time. It also contains a large number of security and privacy risks. Ultimately, you are giving your data to another person and trusting them to do the necessary things.

Checking Equipment Specifications

Knowing a little about your computer's hardware will be important later if there are compatibility issues. It's important that you write them down now because if anything breaks during the installation process or the first boot, you'll need to search the Internet for a driver, patched kernel, or package.

We don't need to write down all the hardware specs because drivers for things like Ethernet cards are mostly compatible. Bluetooth chips, card readers and printers are more difficult, but most of them are also supported by default.

Let's say you have a very rare Ethernet card. You can use the System Profiler tool to discover specifications after the operating system installation is complete.

If you're using Windows, msinfo32 is a small program included with Windows 2000, Me, XP and later. This program gives you a complete overview of all the technology present in your system. You can find it by opening the Start menu and typing msinfo32 into the search field. In older Windows versions You may have to click the Run button in the Start menu and type msinfo32 there.

Installing Linux

Great, you've chosen your Linux distribution, backed up your files, and you know what kind of hardware your computer is made of. It's time to get your hands dirty.

There are three main ways to install most Linux distributions on your computer:

1. Replace existing OS with Linux
2. Install Linux alongside your existing OS
3. Running Linux from a USB Drive

Below are detailed instructions on installing Ubuntu on an existing Windows or macOS model. By choosing from the three options presented above, when replacing the operating system, the operating system will run smoothly and quickly on your computer.

Installing Linux without removing the existing operating system is called dual boot. Whenever you start your computer, you will be able to select the operating system you want to use. This stops you from getting rid of your old OS, but there is always the option of uninstalling it.

Storing a copy of Linux on a USB drive allows you to download a copy of Linux onto a friend's computer, lab, or library. This method requires the least commitment from you and your computer, since you don't touch your copies of Windows or macOS.

Using the Linux Desktop

As you know, on this moment, there is no one specific Linux desktop. But if you are like many, if not most, New user Linux - probably starting with Ubuntu. In this case, the first time you log into the new operating system, you will see a screen that looks like this.

This is the Ubuntu desktop. While Canonical has added a few interesting elements of its own, the interface you see is not exclusive to Ubuntu. This is GNOME.

For a full understanding of how to navigate this interface and other software, check out the Ubuntu Beginner's Guide

Search for additional software

There comes a time when you need more applications. Where do you get them? You may be used to going to a big box store and buying a program that you either install from a disk or download from the Internet. You may be able to get all your apps by going to individual websites and downloading installers. You can even get all your software from app stores that sell you content, just like on your phone or tablet.

Windows programs only on Windows. The same applies to macOS software. You will need to find applications that are designed for Linux.

Most Linux software is now available through app stores filled with free programs. Their use is similar to that of App store on any other platform. Just find the application you want and click the install button.

These app stores are an alternative to package managers, the traditional and more complex ways of obtaining software on Linux. Nowadays, you may never have to use a more advanced tool like Synaptic or Apper, but they give you more control over what you install.

While downloading installers directly from websites is not the preferred way to obtain Linux software, there are times when it is the only option. For example, how do you install Google Chrome. This is also a common way to install commercial games from online stores such as Humble Bundle and GOG. Just know that you won't be looking for an EXE. What's more likely is that you will instead find packaged files such as DEB, RPM, SH, or one of many other Linux formats.

Now that you know how to install apps, which one will you choose? Alternatively, check out our list best programs for Linux.

Installing the update

Updates are a free part of Linux. They keep your system running latest version software. You can also get user interface improvements and fixes to programs that run in the background.
Typically, you can install updates through your distribution's app store, the same place you go to download new software. Often it will have its own partition, as is the case with Ubuntu.

Downloading multimedia codecs

You may have never had to think about codecs before. They allow you to play various multimedia files such as music and videos on your computer. When you buy a Windows or macOS PC, codecs come as part of the desktop. This is usually not the case when you install Linux yourself.

This is not a bug or flaw in the Linux desktop - it's a legal issue. Many codecs remain under copyright, and computer manufacturers must pay licensing fees in order to legally distribute them.

Laws vary depending on the country. This is one of the reasons why codecs are available in quality free download on many Linux distributions such as Ubuntu and Linux Mint. But there is also paid version, You can download it in case you want the exact license to play these files.

Search for additional drivers

When you change the operating system your computer came with, things don't always go smoothly. Sometimes you will need to install additional drivers or codecs to get the full picture.

If you are experiencing graphical glitches or cannot view Wi-Fi networks, You may need to install a proprietary driver. This is software that Linux distributions do not allow you to pre-install, so you must do it yourself. How you do this may vary depending on what distribution you are using. If you choose Ubuntu, you can find a section for installing drivers inside the software and updating the application. Software & Updates app.

What to do when you need specific software?

One of the first questions people ask when considering switching to Linux is whether they can run a particular program. When we used only one operating system, we tended to think of applications as components that any computer should be able to run. But in most cases, an application is actually designed to run on only one operating system. In order to work on another, developers must build a separate version. The Windows version of Steam does not work on macOS, and vice versa. Linux also needs its own version.

Since not as many people run Linux on their desktops as Windows or macOS, developers often choose not to make a Linux version of the software. Often a free and open source alternative that does the same job will suffice. But there are cases when people want to use a program that does not run on Linux and for which there is no alternative. While this may be a reason not to switch to Linux, the choice is always yours. There may still be ways to make this program work.

Emulation

You may have heard of emulators - software that people use to play console video games on their PCs. They operate using code that is similar enough to imitate (or emulate) the original machines for which the games were developed. The same can be done with programs designed for personal computers.

The most famous way to emulate software Windows software on Linux with using Wine. Although this doesn't always work, at best Windows application will work alongside your regular Linux software without any extra fuss.

Because the Wine setup can be complicated, there are programs that will try to do the hard work for you. There are two popular examples - PlayOnLinux and Crossover Linux. The latter is a paid application that also exists for Windows and macOS.

Virtual machines

Emulation allows an application to run on an operating system for which it was not designed. Virtual machines allow you to run an entire operating system within the current one. Therefore, when you need to run a specific Windows program, you can launch your virtual copy of Windows and open the program.

Unlike emulation, virtual machines guaranteed to work. The downside is that you have to boot a separate operating system in its own window, which can be time-consuming and inconvenient. You must also have a copy of Windows or macOS to run. Getting one of the options may be difficult or expensive depending on your circumstances.

All is ready!

At this stage, you have installed Linux, learned new interface and installed the software required to run it. But your journey is just beginning. There is so much more to see and do in the world of free and open source software!

Since everything is free, you can change your distribution at any time or change your current interface to any other. And at the same time you do not need to open command line to use Linux, as you can do a lot more if you're curious enough to try.

In this article we will look atmain advantages of the Ubuntu operating system why it will be interesting and useful for beginners in administration, and what disadvantages it has this system in the eyes of users. In particular, let's look at the Ubuntu 14.04 version, which is now quite popular. In particular, there are a large number of operating systems based on LINUX. Which ones are the most famous? More details in.

The Ubuntu distribution was created with the goal of becoming a convenient and understandable OS (based on Linux) for the average user. Indeed, Installing and configuring this OS is easy. In addition, there are a large number of instructions and tips on using the system for beginners on the Internet. According to official data, the Ubuntu distribution is used by more than 20 million users. A total of 23 are covered Ubuntu versions , Besides the next release is planned for April 2016 – Ubuntu 16.04 LTS. It is worth noting that some versions are no longer supported by developers.

For easier work with operating systems, control panels are used.

Main features of the Ubuntu distribution :

1. stability - the system is often used on highly loaded servers. The OS does not require frequent computer reboots, even in cases of updates, installation or removal of programs.
2. a secure system that does not require antivirus. To catch a virus you need to try very hard if you use the Ubuntu distribution.
3. free OS– installation takes place in a few clicks, the network is full of versions for free download, you don’t need to enter any keys, you can use it on many computers at the same time.
4. nice and clear interface – a large number of free themes and effects, for every taste and color.
5. quick and effortless installation – with the advent of new versions Ubuntu installation everything is simplified, which attracts inexperienced users. The main software and drivers are installed immediately and almost automatically, as a result you get a ready-to-use OS. In addition, automatic updates are offered.
6. And ideal option for beginners– all settings and settings are performed at an intuitive level. Through a specialized package managerSynaptic installs the necessary programs. It has the functions of viewing ratings, descriptions and reviews of programs.
7. Operational stability is ensured by a huge support team that quickly finds and fixes errors.
8. predictability of the system - each new release comes out every 6 months, users always have access to the latest versions of the OS.
9. works well on one PC with other operating systems, such as Windows.

• This version promises a long period of support;
• support for high-resolution displays – FullHD;
• the presence of two new architectures ARM64 and PowerPC64;
• support for TRIM commands for solid-state drives is present by default;
• optimized NVIDIA technology Optimus;
• Linux kernel 3.13 along with Deadline I/O scheduler;
• included in the Python 3.4 library set;
• with Oxide you can launch the application directly from your desktop;
• LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird have been qualitatively updated.

You can download the ISO image completely free and legally on the official developer’s website. In addition, distributing this OS by any means is also legal. During the installation process, Ubuntu drivers are installed in automatic mode additional applications. For example, Firefox browser with Thunderbird mailer, Rhythmbox audio player and Totem video player, Transmission torrent client, full version of LibreOffice. For initial work, these applications will be quite sufficient.

Disadvantages of Ubuntu :

If you use specific software, its analogue may not be in Ubuntu and you will not be able to completely abandon the Windows OS. But don't forget about the emulatorWine, which allows you to run inUbuntu software from Windows. For gaming lovers, Ubuntu will seem not as high-quality compared to Windows, since the number of games for it is much smaller and their quality leaves much to be desired, but here too, our developers have a solution - an emulatorPlayOnLinux allows you to run onUbuntu games which are developed for Windows. However, this OS, like all others, has its drawbacks, but only the user can decide whether they are significant for him or not.

Our users often ask whether to choose Ubuntu or Debian. The answer to this question and analysis of operating systems in . You may also be interested in the topic ““.

In conclusion, if you are in doubt about whether to choose Ubuntu for work, let’s note the main advantages of the Ubuntu distribution, which attracts its users. First of all, the system is free, which is currently used for PCs, but may soon move to smartphones/tablets. Secondly, a huge number of applications and drivers, which simplify the initial PC setup for the user. And finally, an important aspect - Ubuntu security, that is, protection from viruses compared to Windows OS. By installing Ubuntu on your server, you will immediately get what you need - a working machine.

Company Hyper Host™ offers for its users and with installed OS Ubuntu 14.04 this way users can take full advantage of all the benefits current version systems.

Except Ubuntu you can use other operating systems to work on the server. Read about how to choose an operating system depending on your tasks.

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Ubuntu is a community-developed operating system based on the Linux kernel that is ideal for use on personal computers, laptops and servers. It contains everything necessary programs what you need: Internet browser, office suite for working with texts, spreadsheets and presentations, programs for communicating on the Internet and many others.

The Ubuntu Promise

Ubuntu will always be free, including enterprise editions and security updates.

Full commercial support is available for Ubuntu from Canonical Ltd. and hundreds of companies around the world.

Ubuntu includes the best translations and accessibility features available in open source software.

Ubuntu disks contain only free software; We encourage the use, improvement and distribution of free and open source software.

Lately, I have been dividing Linux distributions into two categories - commercial and developed by ordinary users. As practice shows, most distributions created by users and communities, except Debian, are less stable than commercial systems.

Despite the fact that such systems are completely free for ordinary users, it receives updates more often, and has fewer bugs. This is understandable, developers are people too and they cannot keep track of everything. In our today's article we will do Ubuntu review- a distribution developed by Canonical.

Canonical's Ubuntu operating system is a relatively new player in the commercial Linux distribution space. Its first release took place in 2004, while two other commercial distributions, SUSE and Red Hat, came out in 1992 and 1993, respectively. During its short life, Ubuntu has gone through a lot of controversy, detractors and supporters, has undergone quite a lot of changes and has brought a lot of benefit to the open source software community.

One of the main differences between Ubuntu and REHL/OpenSUSE is that the former was aimed at personal computer users from the very beginning. Red Hat and SUSE initially didn't pay much attention to the desktop version, but not Canonical. The company focused on personal computers from the very beginning.

Ubuntu is based on Debian, which is the number one distribution in terms of community size and influence on the entire free software ecosystem. Supported here several times large quantity packages than any other distribution, and the most distributions are based on it. Its largest descendants, Ubuntu and Knoppix, have dozens of their own successors. Debian - with its stable package base, became an excellent basis.

The beginning of the Ubuntu story

Mark Shuttleworth founded Canonical and Ubuntu with his $10 million. The name of the distribution is taken from the Nguni language, it is difficult to translate literally, but Ubuntu means the following: we are all connected and humane to others, because each of us is everything. Mark came up with some pretty radical concepts for the Linux world, which was then very different from what we have now.

Then the developers tried to make a system with an ideal code base, but at that time the system was very tailored for certain people, and was unfriendly to beginners. According to researchers, as of 2006, 98.5% of the free software community were men, while the proprietary software world employed 28% women. What is the reason? Hostile environment. Developers focused on code, an environment that was hostile to those who could not develop the necessary skills on their own.

Ubuntu began to move in a completely different direction. Here community is of utmost importance. Ubuntu brought the idea of ​​community over code beauty to the world of free software, and in doing so attracted a new generation of users and developers interested in Linux. Rules of behavior and communication were introduced, which stated that one must treat each other with politeness and respect. Of course, there are still some shortcomings in this regard, but the Ubuntu community is working on it.

Way to success

Ubuntu has revolutionized Linux world distribution kits for personal computers. The developers took Debian Linux and gave it a convenient GUI. Many people had tried to do the same thing before, these were Libranet, Corel, Lindows, but only Ubuntu became the first and remained alive. He has been ranked #1 in Distrowatch for several years now and has always been in the top five. So why has Ubuntu succeeded?

• Very easy installation. It is enough to answer a few questions from the installer and then certain time you will have a new system ready to work;
• Free Ubuntu CDs. You could order free installation disks with Ubuntu using Canonical's Shipit, and copy and distribute them. The program was completed in 2011, but for the first time in years it had an excellent effect;
• LiveCD support in Ubuntu. LiveCD/DVDs have been around for a long time, such as Yggdrasil Linux, Peter Anvin's SuperRescue CD and Knoppix. But it was within the framework of the Ubuntu project that the first LiveCD system was implemented, which worked well and beautifully.
• Mark Shuttleworth and Jono Bacon are Ubuntu Community Managers. In the early years, mentions of these people and Ubuntu were everywhere. They were the first people at Ubuntu and they were very good at it.

Distinctive features of Ubuntu

Now the Ubuntu distribution supports all the necessary services that corporate users may need: servers, clouds, containers, microservices, Internet of Things, certified hardware, management tools, commercial paid support from Canonical, training, partnerships.

The Ubuntu distribution itself has several editions for various devices - desktop computer, servers, as well as editions with different desktop environments. Here are the official editions:

• Edubuntu - Ubuntu for Education;
• Ubuntu GNOME - Ubuntu with GNOME;
• Kubuntu - Ubuntu with KDE environment;
• Ubuntu Kylin - Ubuntu localized for China;
• Lubuntu - Ubuntu that uses LXDE;
• Mythbuntu - Designed to create a home theater with MythTV;
• Ubuntu Studio - Designed to work with multimedia;
• Xubuntu - Ubuntu with XFCE desktop environment;
• Ubuntu MATE - Ubuntu with MATE desktop environment.

Each editorial office has its own website and community. By default, Ubuntu ships with the Unity desktop environment. This is a beautiful Gnome shell that was developed specifically for Ubuntu by Canonical. Her main feature in a minimum number of settings, and beautiful appearance default. Here, the menu of all applications is located in the top panel so as not to take up extra space, and on the left side of the screen there is an application launcher and a button for calling the Dash menu:

But you don’t have to use this particular environment, you can choose one of the available ones by simply installing another package for the desired environment, for example, kubuntu-desktop or xubuntu-desktop. In addition to Unity, Canonical also develops other software for Ubuntu, such as the Apport error reporting system, universal snap packages, and a development environment mobile applications and much more.

Red Hat and OpenSUSE have always drawn a big line between their commercial distributions and their free versions - Fedora and OpenSUSE. Ubuntu doesn't do this, there is no commercial and free version. There are only different support periods for regular and long-term releases.

Another feature of Ubuntu is that it is a very easy to use distribution. You can simply download it and use it, there are no trial periods, no registration required. Server, desktop, Ubuntu Core, Raspberry Pi editions are all just a click away.

Support

In addition to paid support, you can get community support; the distribution has a lot of users of varying levels of knowledge, one might even say that it has the largest community among other Linux distributions. You can find a very large number of resources online where you can get help.

Canonical's paid support follows the get software free, pay only for support model. The support price is the lowest of all other distributions.

Release cycles and support timelines

Ubuntu is released in two formats: regular and LTS with a long support period - LTS. Long-term support releases receive updates for five years. Regular releases are supported for nine months. Releases come out every six months. Moreover, every fourth release is considered LTS and has a long support period. When support ends, updates and even security patches stop being released. With each new release, the distribution includes the latest versions of the software, but after release you will only receive security updates.

conclusions

Our big review of Ubuntu has come to an end. We didn't focus on specific aspects of the user interface or software, which is the same everywhere. More attention was focused on the commercial side of Ubuntu, the history of its development and path to success, as well as the features of this distribution. Are you using Ubuntu on your computer? Why this particular system? Write in the comments!